Incidence and risk factors of female urinary incontinence: a 4‐year longitudinal study among 24 985 adult women in China

Abstract

Objective To estimate the incidence of urinary incontinence (UI), including its subtypes stress UI (SUI), urgency UI (UUI) and mixed UI (MUI), and to examine risk factors for de novo SUI and UUI in Chinese women. Design Nationwide longitudinal study. Setting Six geographic regions of China. Participants Women aged ≥20 years old were included using a multistage, stratified, cluster sampling method. Methods This study was conducted between May 2014 and March 2016, with follow up in 2018. Data on demographics, medical history, lifestyle and physiological and anthropometric information were collected. Main outcome measurements Incidence, rate ratio (RR). Results Analyses included 24 985 women (mean age 41.9 years).The follow‐up response rate was 55.5%, median follow‐up time was 3.7 years. The standardised incidences of UI, SUI, UUI and MUI were 21.2, 13.1, 3.0 and 5.1 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. Risk factors for de novo SUI included delivery pattern (vaginal spontaneous delivery RR 2.12, 95% CI 1.62–2.78 and instrumental delivery RR 3.30, 95% CI 1.99–5.45), high body mass index (BMI) (overweight RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.33–1.74 and obesity RR 1.67, 95% CI 1.32–2.11), cigarette smoking (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.12–2.12), chronic cough (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.17–1.76), diabetes (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10–1.60) and older age (50–59 years RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.16–1.90 and 60–69 years RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.22–2.13).The risk factors significantly associated with de novo UUI were age (RR increased from 1.21, 95% CI 0.74–1.99, at 30–39 years to 6.3, 95% CI 3.85–10.30, at >70 years) and diabetes (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.05–2.09). Conclusions The incidence of female UI is 21.2 per 1000 person‐years in China. Delivery (vaginal spontaneous delivery, instrumental delivery), high BMI, cigarette smoking, chronic cough, diabetes and older age were risk factors. Tweetable abstract The incidence of female urinary incontinence was 21.2 per 1000 person‐years in China. Delivery, BMI, diabetes and old age are risk factors.

Risk and protective factors for pregnancy‐related urinary incontinence until 1 year postpartum: A cohort study using patient‐reported outcome measures in Italy

“…The present study confirmed well‐known and widely described risk factors for pregnancy‐related UI, such as advanced age, overweight/obesity, high birth weight, spontaneous tears, episiotomy, and vaginal delivery 22–24 . We also found that employment was a risk factor 25 .…”

Toileting behaviors, urinary cues, overactive bladder, and urinary incontinence in older women

“…In our study we included age, self-rated health, and BMI as control variables because of the previous evidence that each was associated with UI [24]. In this study we found that age was a significant predictor of UI, even though our age range was restricted to a 33-year span.…”

Does electroacupuncture benefit mixed urinary incontinence? A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis

“…The prevailing view is that the pathophysiology of MUI may involve urethral sphincter deficiency, overactivity of the urethra, detrusor overactivity, or a combination of all three [38]. Increasing age is a wellrecognized risk factor for MUI in many population-based studies, and other risk factors, including delivery, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hormonal changes, sedentary behaviour, cigarette smoking, chronic medical conditions, and pelvic conditions, could contribute to MUI [46][47][48][49]. This may be related to the underlying pathogenesis of MUI.…”