Incidence of AD in African-Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians in northern Manhattan

Abstract

Article abstract-Objective: To compare the incidence rates for AD among elderly African-American, Caribbean Hispanic, and white individuals and to determine whether coincident cerebrovascular disease contributes to the inconsistency in reported differences among ethnic groups. Methods: This was a population-based, longitudinal study over a 7-year period in the Washington Heights and Inwood communities of New York City. Annual incidence rates for AD were calculated and compared by ethnic group, and cumulative incidence adjusted for differences in education, diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors, and stroke was calculated. Results: The age-specific incidence rate for probable and possible AD was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7) per person-year between the ages of 65 and 74 years, 4.0% (95% CI, 3.2 to 4.8) per person-year between ages 75 and 84 years, and 7.9% (95% CI, 5.5 to 10.5) per person-year for ages 85 and older. Compared to white individuals, the cumulative incidence of AD to age 90 years was increased twofold among African-American and Caribbean Hispanic individuals. Adjustment for differences in number of years of education, illiteracy, or a history of stroke, hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes did not change the disproportionate risks among the three ethnic groups. Conclusion: The incidence rate for AD was significantly higher among African-American and Caribbean Hispanic elderly individuals compared white individuals. The presence of clinically apparent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease did not contribute to the increased risk of disease. Because the proportion of African-American and Caribbean Hispanic individuals reaching ages 65 and older in the United States is increasing more rapidly than the proportion of white individuals, it is imperative that this disparity in health among the elderly be understood. NEUROLOGY 2001;56:49 -56 Prevalence and incidence rates for AD have been studied extensively throughout the world.1-20 Despite methodologic differences in these studies, most have shown a consistent rise in the frequency of AD with increasing age. Women appear to have a higher frequency of AD than men in some, but not all studies. 17,19,[21][22][23] Although the prevalence and incidence rates for dementia in Asia, China, Europe, and the United States are comparable, the types of dementia can vary. For example, the frequency of vascular dementia is reported to be higher than that of AD among East Asians 13 and JapaneseAmericans 18 compared with most populations in the United States and Europe.Only a few studies in the United States have compared the frequency of AD or other forms of dementia among major ethnic groups. No differences in the prevalence and incidence rates of AD were reported among African-American and white individuals in the Piedmont area of North Carolina participating in the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly.5 However, Gurland et al. 8 reported a higher prevalence of all types of dementia, including AD, among African-American and Hispani...

C-reactive protein and rate of dementia in carriers and non carriers of Apolipoprotein APOE4 genotype

“…There are no other population based studies of dementia incidence in Mexican Americans to which we can compare Publications by [Tang, Stern, et al 1998] [Tang, Cross, et al 2001] refer to Alzheimer's disease not dementia and are concerned with Caribbean Hispanics, not Mexican Hispanics. Mexican ancestry populations differ culturally and genetically from other Spanish speaking populations in the United States.…”

Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: A Literature Review

“…Incidence estimates also suggest higher risk of AD among nonwhite populations. In a 7-year study in the Washington Heights and Inwood communities of New York City, overall adjusted incidence rates for probable and possible AD (excluding vascular and other dementias) among whites were 0.4 percent per person-year for ages 65 to 74, 2.6 percent for ages 75 to 84, and 4.2 percent for ages 85 and over (Tang et al, 2001). Incidence was higher among African Americans (1.7 percent, 4.4 percent, and 11.4 percent, respectively) and Caribbean Hispanics (1.4 percent, 4.4 percent, and 8.8 percent, respectively) in the same community.…”

Body mass index, dementia, and mortality in the elderly

“…Participants were enrolled in a cohort study by a random sampling of Medicare recipients 65 years or older residing in northern Manhattan (Washington Heights, Hamilton Heights, Inwood) 11 . Each participant underwent an in-person interview of general health and function at the time of study entry followed by a standard assessment, including medical history, physical and neurological examination as well as a neuropsychological battery.…”