Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Human and Animal Milk in Jordan

Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in animal milk. In addition, exposure of infants to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and lactating mothers to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was examined using AFM1 in breast milk as a biomarker for exposure to AFB1. In total, 100 samples of fresh animal milk and fermented milk (buttermilk) and 80 samples of human breast milk were collected during the period 2011-2012. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the analysis of milk samples. AFM1 was detected in all animal fresh and fermented milk samples. The concentrations of AFM1 in 70 samples of fresh and fermented milk were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European Union and the United States of 50 ng/kg. In human milk samples the average concentration of AFM1 was higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European Union and the United States of 25 ng/kg. Logistic regression analysis failed to show a correlation between AFM1 and type and amount of dairy consumption, vegetables, fruits, and meat. However, an association between AFM1 and cereal consumption was detected. This study is the first to report on the occurrence of AFM1 in milk consumed by the Jordanian population.

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in cow milk in El Salvador: Results from a two-year survey

“…Regardless of the year, the overall occurrence of AFM 1 cases reported in this work is higher than most of studies shown in Table 4 , except for those ones from Middle East countries, Ethiopia and Costa Rica [ 2 , 8 , [12] , [13] , [14] , 33 ]. Nevertheless, when considering only Jocoro, located in the Salvadoran region sternly affected by drought and heat, then AFM 1 occurrence values (54% and 69%) are only lower than prevalence cases quantified in Pakistan, Iran, and Ethiopia ( Table 3 , Table 4 ).…”

“…Another important aspect is that AFM 1 contamination of cow´s milk is spread geographically. From the set of available data by country, the parameters quantified in Costa Rica [ 12 ], Ethiopia [ 8 ], Jordan [ 13 , 14 ] and Iran [ 2 ] stand out either by the high prevalence of contamination or because of the relatively high AFM 1 content in raw milk samples.…”

Association between Urinary Aflatoxin (AFM1) and Dietary Intake among Adults in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia

“…Hence, it is postulated that high consumption of cereals, especially white rice, could be associated with high percentage of AFM 1 occurrence in urine among the respondents. For example, previous studies reported a significant correlation between the occurrence of aflatoxin biomarkers in humans and consumption of cereal-based products [ 35 , 36 ]. In the present study, no significant association was detected between urinary AFM 1 with the consumption of cereal products.…”

Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018

“…More than 70% of studies from Asia focused on the exposure to the class I carcinogen aflatoxin by measuring the AFB1, AFM1 and AFB1-lysine biomarkers of exposure. In majority of the countries the incidence of aflatoxin biomarkers was above 93% regardless of the analyzed sample type (Azarikia et al 2018;Groopman et al 2014;Leong et al 2012;Maleki et al 2015;Mohd Redzwan et al 2014;Omar 2012;Sabran et al 2012). Leong and colleagues (Leong et al 2012) have evaluated the presence of AFB1-lysine in blood for the Penang population in Malaysia where people consume large quantities of nuts products.…”