Incidence of aflatoxins in Iran pistachio nuts

Cheraghali, Abdol Majid; Yazdanpanah, Hassan; Doraki, Nader; Abouhossain, Giti; Hassibi, M.; Aliabadi, Saloume; Aliakbarpoor, Mohsen; Amirahmadi, Maryam; Askarian, Ameneh; Fallah, Nader; Hashemi, Tafseera; Jalali, Mohammad; Kalantari, N; Khodadadi, Esmate; Maddah, B.; Mohit, R.; Mohseny, Maryam; Phaghihy, Z.; Rahmani, A.; Setoodeh, Laleh; Soleimany, E.; Zamanian, Firouzeh

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.026

Cited by 134 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In [21] high contamination of 1927 out of 3181 unprocessed pistachio samples (23.5%) in Iran was reported with mean and medial values of 2.42 ± 14.7 µg/g and <LOD, respectively; in addition, all the samples met the EU limits. Moreover, in [22] [23] nuts contamination of AFM1 crossed the EU limits (7.5%) and (29%) respectively. Warm condition with high humidity increases rate of growth of AFs in food stuff during storage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013

Rezaei¹,

Karimi²,

Parviz³

et al. 2014

Health

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013

Rezaei¹,

Karimi²,

Parviz³

et al. 2014

Health

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“…In all such cases, the nuts are not released for human or animal consumption and, therefore, a serious economic loss results due to the direct loss of the product and the indirect cost of the mitigation strategies. Aflatoxin contamination in peanuts and pistachios is considered a major problem in the US (Bhatnagar et al 2004), and also in Asia (Pitt et al 2004;Cheraghali et al 2007) and Africa (Bankole et al 2006) while there are very limited reports available regarding Europe (Battilani 2010). Pistachio aflatoxin contamination is frequently connected with kernel necrosis symptoms that are described in the existing literature (Michailides et al 1995;Chitzanidis et al 2004) as stigmatomycosis disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pistachio deterioration detected by X-ray absorption

Proshlyakov¹,

Yanniotis²,

Blahovec³

2013

Czech J. Food Sci.

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Proshlyakov A., Yanniotis S., Blahovec J. (2013): Pistachio deterioration detected by X-ray absorption. Czech J. Food Sci., 31: 126-131.The measurement of the absorption coefficient of X-rays in healthy and fungus infected pistachio kernels was the main objective of this work aimed at detecting the potential injury by insects and/or fungi in the kernel. It was found that the absorption coefficient in the injured parts is about half of that in the healthy parts. The absorption coefficient is also affected by the position in the kernel due to the variations in cell dimensions and the oil and moisture contents in the kernels.

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“…A total of 3356 pistachio nut samples were collected between March 2002 and February 2003, divided into 10,068 sub-samples according to EU requirements and analysed for aflatoxin contamination. The number of samples that exceeded the EU MLs for AFB1 and total aflatoxins is given as 15.9 and 13.6%, respectively (Cheraghali et al, 2007). Unfortunately, the ranges used for the further evaluation of the concentration of total aflatoxins (<LOD, LOD-5, 5-15, 15-50, 50-500, >500 µg/kg) differ significantly from those applied in this assessment making a reliable appraisal of their results for the purpose of this EFSA assessment impossible.…”

Section: Results From Pre-export Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the potential increase of consumer health risk by a possible increase of the existing maximum levels for aflatoxins in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios and derived prod

2007

EFSA Journal

130

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SUMMARYAflatoxins are produced by moulds that are especially found in areas with hot, humid climates. They are most likely to contaminate tree nuts, ground nuts, figs and other dried fruits, spices, crude vegetable oils, cocoa beans and maize. Because aflatoxins are considered to be genotoxic and carcinogenic, it is not possible to identify an intake without risk, and the European Union (EU) introduced regulations for these toxins in 1998, at levels considered to be as low as reasonably achievable. Recent discussions in Codex Alimentarius have proposed setting worldwide a maximum level for total aflatoxins in unprocessed almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios, higher than that currently in force in the EU. As a result, the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain (CONTAM) was asked to advise on the potential increase in risks to consumer health associated with a proposed change of the currently existing EU maximum level of 4 µg/kg for total aflatoxins (sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios to 8 or 10 µg/kg, taking into account consumption patterns of these nuts in the EU, and intake of aflatoxins from other foods.About 40,000 analytical results on occurrence of aflatoxins in various food commodities were considered by the CONTAM Panel. Aflatoxins were not detected in about 75% of the samples tested, i.e. if present they were below the limit of detection of the methods used, which varied for different sets of data. For those samples where aflatoxins were detectable, aflatoxin B1 was generally the major contributor to total aflatoxins. As a conservative estimate for the purposes of the evaluation, the CONTAM Panel assumed that total aflatoxins would be a maximum of twice the level of aflatoxin B1. The CONTAM Panel also received data relating to concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1) in commercial milk samples. For almost all of these data, the values for the aflatoxin M1 concentration were below 0.05 µg/kg and taking into account the lower carcinogenic potency of M1 the Panel did not consider these data further.In order to assess the impact of a possible change in the maximum levels for almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios, the CONTAM Panel estimated dietary exposure excluding occurrence data above 4, 8 and 10 µg/kg, respectively. These calculations indicated that increasing the maximum levels of total aflatoxins from 4 to 8 or 10 µg/kg could result in slight absolute increases in total aflatoxins in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios, but that the mean concentrations would remain below 1 µg/kg according to the submitted test results.Assessment of the impact of these potential increases in aflatoxin occurrence requires consideration of both the consumption of these three types of nut and the intake from other dietary sources. Robust data on other sources of dietary exposure, representative of all Member States, were not available to the CONTAM Panel. Evaluation of the few available national dietary exposure data indicated that a reasonable approxi...

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Incidence of aflatoxins in Iran pistachio nuts

Cited by 134 publications

References 17 publications

An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013

An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013

Pistachio deterioration detected by X-ray absorption

Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the potential increase of consumer health risk by a possible increase of the existing maximum levels for aflatoxins in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios and derived prod

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