Incidence of and Risk Factors for Symptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients from Spain in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Rosa, Rafael de la; Pineda, Juan A.; Delgado, Juan; Macı́as, Juan; Morillas, Francisco; Mira, José A.; Sánchez-Quijano, A; Leal, Manuel; Lissén, E

doi:10.1128/jcm.40.3.762-767.2002

Cited by 59 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Suffering a relapse increases the risk of a further relapse (265). This may be related to the poor increase in CD4 ϩ cells observed in relapsing patients compared with that in nonrelapsing patients, despite complete suppression of HIV replication (77,156).…”

Section: Vl-hiv Coinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: the Second 10 Years

et al. 2008

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SUMMARY To date, most Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection cases reported to WHO come from Southern Europe. Up to the year 2001, nearly 2,000 cases of coinfection were identified, of which 90% were from Spain, Italy, France, and Portugal. However, these figures are misleading because they do not account for the large proportion of cases in many African and Asian countries that are missed due to a lack of diagnostic facilities and poor reporting systems. Most cases of coinfection in the Americas are reported in Brazil, where the incidence of leishmaniasis has spread in recent years due to overlap with major areas of HIV transmission. In some areas of Africa, the number of coinfection cases has increased dramatically due to social phenomena such as mass migration and wars. In northwest Ethiopia, up to 30% of all visceral leishmaniasis patients are also infected with HIV. In Asia, coinfections are increasingly being reported in India, which also has the highest global burden of leishmaniasis and a high rate of resistance to antimonial drugs. Based on the previous experience of 20 years of coinfection in Europe, this review focuses on the management of Leishmania-HIV-coinfected patients in low-income countries where leishmaniasis is endemic.

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Section: Vl-hiv Coinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: the Second 10 Years

et al. 2008

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“…As with other protozoan-HIV coinfections, HAART resulting in immune reconstitution has greatly reduced the incidence of Leishmania-HIV coinfections in symptomatic patients (10,147,151,488).…”

Section: Leishmaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.

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“…Therefore, there is a pressing need for new antileishmanial drugs. The incidence of HIV-Leishmania co-infections has been decreasing since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [4,5]. Some antiretroviral agents exhibit significant inhibitory effects on purified human proteasome functions [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antileishmanial activity of HIV protease inhibitors

Savoia

Allice

Tovo

2005

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

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The proteasomes of some protozoa are possible targets for chemotherapy. Leishmaniasis is a major health problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infected subjects. Two HIV protease inhibitors (PI), indinavir and saquinavir, have been shown to block proteasome functions; we therefore investigated their effects on the growth of two Leishmania spp. (Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum). After 24 h of treatment, both drugs exhibited a dose-dependent antileishmanial activity, with 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) values of, respectively, 8.3 M and 7 M on L. major; minor activity was observed on L. infantum. These results add new in vitro insights into the wide-spectrum efficacy of PI and suggest studying their action on amastigote forms of leishmania within macrophages in order to validate their potential contribution against opportunistic infections in treated seropositive patients.

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Incidence of and Risk Factors for Symptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients from Spain in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: the Second 10 Years

The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: the Second 10 Years

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

Antileishmanial activity of HIV protease inhibitors

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