Incidence of bloodstream infection: a review of population-based studies

Abstract

Bloodstream infection (BSI) is associated with major morbidity and mortality. Population-based studies are the optimal designs to determine the occurrence of BSI. This is because in these designs all cases of BSI occurring in residents of a defined population are included, and where the population at risk is known incidence rates may be determined. Furthermore, selection bias is minimized by inclusion of all cases fulfilling the case definition. Despite the methodological advantages, there is only a small body of published literature investigating BSI at the population level. Few studies conducted since the 1970s have included all aetiologies of BSI and have reported rates between 80 and 189 per 100 000 per year with higher rates reported in more recent years. The three most common aetiologies of BSI are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which occur at approximate rates of 35, 25 and 10 per 100 000 population, respectively. The incidence of BSI has been demonstrated to vary significantly among regions, and this is in part related to blood culturing rates, population demographic differences and risk factor distribution in regions. Knowledge of the incidence of BSI is important for setting healthcare and research priorities and for evaluating the effectiveness of preventative interventions.

Detection and Measurement of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like K (SEl-K) Secretion by Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

“…aureus is the second-most-common pathogen recovered in nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States, and emergent USA300 strains in particular are reported to cause the majority of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (33)(34)(35)(36). Despite sensitivity to antibiotics, complicated S. aureus infections still have high mortality and treatment failure rates (37,38).…”

Performance of Sa Select , a Chromogenic Medium for Detection of Staphylococci in Clinical Specimens

“…They are classified into coagulase-positive staphylococci (e.g., S. aureus and S. intermedius) and CoNS by their ability to produce coagulase (11). Within the genus Staphylococcus, S. aureus is the most important human pathogen, while the CoNS play roles mainly in opportunistic infections (12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Automated Interpretation of Blood Culture Gram Stains by Use of a Deep Convolutional Neural Network

“…Bloodstream infections (BSI) are rapidly progressive infections with mortality rates up to 48 nearly 40% (1,2). Each day delay in institution of active antimicrobial therapy is associated with 49 up to a ~10% increase in mortality (3, 4).…”

“…First, we developed an 78 imaging protocol using an automated slide imaging platform equipped with a 40X air objective 79 to collect highly resolved data from Gram-stained blood culture slides. Second, image data were 80 used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model to recognize morphologies 81 representing the most common causative agents of BSI: Gram-negative rods, Gram-positive 82 cocci in clusters, and Gram-positive cocci in pairs or chains (1). CNNs are modeled based on the 83 organization of neurons within the mammalian visual cortex, and were applied here based on 84 their ability to excel in image recognition tasks without requiring time-intensive selective feature 85 extraction by humans (10).…”