Incidence of Co-infection of Malaria and Typhoid and their Diagnostic Dilemmas

Abstract

Background: This study was carried out to know the incidence of co-existence of typhoid and malaria in western part of Uttar Pradesh. Both these infections are common febrile illnesses prevalent in tropical countries including India. Materials and Methods:A total of 300 blood samples were collected from the patients presenting with fever for more than one week. Diagnosis of typhoid was carried out using Widal test and blood culture and for diagnosis of malaria blood film examination was done.Results: Out of total 300 patients, 31 (10.3%) were positive for malarial parasite and 82 (27.3%) were positive for typhoid by Widal test while 12 (4%) were positive for typhoid by blood culture. Rate of co-infection was found out to be 21 (6.7%) with Widal test and 3 (1%) with blood culture. Conclusion:As there is paucity of data on co-infection of malaria and typhoid from this part of country, this study was carried out to know their prevalence. As both these illnesses present with same clinical features, the clinicians must look for co-existence of these infections. Hence, to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment more such studies must be carried out from different parts of the country.

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Finally, 43 studies 17 , 20 , 30 , 35 – 74 were included. Thirty-eight studies 27 – 29 , 31 , 75 – 108 from additional searches of reference lists and Google Scholar were included. Thus, 81 studies met the eligibility criteria and thus included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses (Fig.…”

“…The African studies were conducted in Nigeria (30/61, 49.2%) 36 – 38 , 42 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 75 , 77 , 82 – 84 , 89 – 91 , 94 – 101 , 103 , 107 , Cameroon (5/61, 8.2%) 35 , 40 , 73 , 92 , 93 , Ghana (5/61, 8.2%) 41 , 53 , 56 , 76 , 85 , Kenya (5/61, 6.2%) 28 , 29 , 60 , 72 , 80 , Tanzania (4/61, 6.56%) 20 , 39 , 44 , 46 , Malawi 17 , 27 , 30 , Burkina Faso 54 , 86 , Mozambique 79 , Sierra Leone 87 , the Democratic Republic of the Congo 49 , Ethiopia 45 , Gabon 55 , and Gambia 31 , and one study was conducted in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania 62 . The Asian studies were conducted in India (12/19, 63.2%) 43 , 66 – 68 , 71 , 74 , 81 , 88 , 104 – 106 , 108 ...…”

“…Among the 81 studies included in the analysis, 49 studies (60.5%) enrolled febrile patients 35 – 41 , 43 – 47 , 50 – 53 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 64 – 68 , 70 – 77 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 102 – 108 , 8 studies enrolled pregnant women 42 , 61 , 82 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 100 , 101 , 6 studies enrolled patients with severe malaria 30 , 54 , 63 , 79 , 80 , 85 , 9 studies enrolled malaria positive patients 28 , 48 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 69 , 78 , 86 , 88 , 5 studies enrolled typhoid/non-typhoid-positive patients 17 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 49 , and one study enrolled children with pathogenic bacteremia 20 . Co-infections with malaria and typhoidal/NTS were reported in 4,523 cases from 73,775 total patients enrolled in the 81 included studies.…”

“…Co-infections with malaria and typhoidal/NTS were reported in 4,523 cases from 73,775 total patients enrolled in the 81 included studies. Co-infections with malaria and typhoidal Salmonella spp., including S. typhi and S. paratyphi , were reported in 3813 cases from 56 studies 31 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 41 – 43 , 45 – 48 , 50 – 52 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 65 – 68 , 70 , 71 , 73 – 78 , 81 – 84 , 86 – 108 . Co-infections with malaria and NTS, such as S. typhimurium , were reported in 707 cases from 18 studies 17 , 27 – 31 , 44 , 53 , 56 , 60 , 62 , 69 , 72 , 79 , 80 , 84 , 85 , 93 .…”

“…Salmonella spp. infection was identified using blood cultures (39/81, 48.1%) 17 , 20 , 27 – 31 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 – 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 77 – 81 , 83 , 85 , 89 , 98 , 104 – 106 , 108 , Widal test (27/81, 33.3%) 36 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 70 , 75 , 86 – 88 , 90 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 99 – 103 , stool cultures (5/81, 6.17%) 82 , 84 , 92 , 93 , 107 , RDTs (4/81, 4.94%) 35 , 42 , 73 , 91 , and molecular methods (3/43, 6.98%) 39 , 55 , 64 . One study …”