Incidence of Complications for Different Approaches in Gynecomastia Correction: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract

Background Gynecomastia is nowadays a very common disease, affecting a large cohort of patients with different ages. The aim of this literature review is to assess the incidence of complications with all proposed techniques and for combined procedures versus single approach procedures in gynecomastia correction. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify all reported techniques for gynecomastia correction covering a period from January 1, 1987 to November 1, 2020. For all selected papers, demographic data, proposed technique, and complications’ incidence have been recorded. Results A total number of 3970 results was obtained from database analysis. A final total number of 94 articles was obtained for 7294 patients analyzed. Patients have been divided into three groups: aspiration techniques, consisting in 874 patients (11,98%), surgical excision techniques, consisting in 2764 patients (37,90%), and combined techniques, consisting in 3656 patients (50,12%). Complications have been recorded for all groups, for a total number of 1407, of which 130 among “Aspiration techniques” group (14,87%), 847 among “Surgical excision techniques” group (30,64%), and 430 in “Combined techniques” group (11,76%). Conclusions Several techniques have been proposed in the literature to address gynecomastia, with the potential to greatly improve self-confidence and overall appearance of affected patients. The combined use of surgical excision and aspiration techniques seems to reduce the rate of complications compared to surgical excision alone, but the lack of unique classification and the presence of several surgical techniques still represents a bias in the literature review. Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Liposuction and port site nipple sparing mastectomy: an alternative method for the operative treatment of gynecomastia at Alexandria main university hospital

“…Only a small percentage of our patients developed hematoma, and surgical intervention was required in only one case. The occurrence of seroma or surgical site infection was absent in our patients, which differs from the findings of other authors [ 26 ]. The absence of seroma complications in our study may be attributed to the removal of drains after 3–4 days, suggesting that the use of drains may reduce seroma rates.…”

The GLAND-IQ Technique for Surgical Correction of Moderate to Severe Gynecomastia

“…There were no instances of nipple necrosis, seroma, or hematoma. In the literature, the most common reported complications following gynecomastia surgery are hematoma (4.4%–5.8%) and seroma (2.1%–3.9%), 6 together constituting the most common nonaesthetic reason to require a second surgery. 4 , 7 …”

“…There were no instances of nipple necrosis, seroma, or hematoma. In the literature, the most common reported complications following gynecomastia surgery are hematoma (4.4%-5.8%) and seroma (2.1%-3.9%), 6 together constituting the most common nonaesthetic reason to require a second surgery. 4,7 In a systematic review, Innocenti et al have already demonstrated that techniques involving liposuction (whether alone or combined with open resection) have lower hematoma rates.…”

“…4,7 In a systematic review, Innocenti et al have already demonstrated that techniques involving liposuction (whether alone or combined with open resection) have lower hematoma rates. 6 Transcutaneous quilting sutures have also been described with a low hematoma rate (1.3%), although some patients require an additional visit for removal and some develop visible cutaneous track marks. 8 The GLAND-IQ approach involves the use of internal quilting sutures that do not require removal and avoid the risk of cutaneous pigmentation.…”

Perioperative nursing care speed up recover of a male patient after bilateral endoscopic mastectomy: a case report

“…GYN can be caused by systemic diseases, obesity, endocrine disorders (such as liver cirrhosis, which impairs estrogen inactivation), malignant tumors, and medications, and also idiopathic cause of GYN one of the causes. After treating the underlying disease, GYN commonly lasts for more than 12 months ( 3 ).…”