Incidence of Fecal Streptococci and Coliform Bacteria in Frozen Fish Products

Larkin, Edward P.; Litsky, Warren; Fuller, James E.

doi:10.2105/ajph.46.4.464

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…1961] of the value of enterococci as better indicators of contamination in sea foods. These findings are in good agreement with those reported by other workers (Larkin et al, 1955(Larkin et al, , 1956Zaborowski et al, 1958;Kereluk and Gunderson, 1959a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The estimation of enterococci as an index of contamination of frozen foods has been advocated in several recent publications Fuller, 1955, 1956;Zaborowski, Huber, and Rayman, 1958;Kereluk and Gunderson, 1959a). The greater resistance shown by these organisms, as compared with E. coli and other coliforms, to heating and freezing processes and to frozen storage has been cited as strong evidence supporting their use for this purpose (Larkin et al, 1955(Larkin et al, , 1956Kereluk and Gunderson, 1959b). Moreover, some doubt has been cast recently on the value of E. coli as an index of fecal pollution by the observations of Buttiaux (1959) and Young et al (1960) concerning the low recoveries of this organism from human feces.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Raj¹,

Wiebe²,

Liston³

1961

Applied Microbiology

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Consistently high recoveries of enterococci as compared to the low numbers of coliforms obtained from the same samples of frozen sea foods are indirect evidence that enterococci are better indicators of contamination in such foods. The use of azide dextrose broth, modified by the incorporation of bromthvmol blue, and of ethyl violet azide broth as presumptive and confirmation tests, respectively, were found to be highly specific for the detection and enumeration of enterococci in these samples. Tetrazolium agar medium, when used as a third step after the confirmation test, provides a reliable differentiation of Streptococcus faecalis types from other group D streptococci. A simple procedure is described for further identification of S. faecalis varieties and other enterococcal species. Incidence of biotypes within certain species is noted and relationships of these subgroups to the organisms described by other workers is discussed. The striking resistance of all group D streptococci to dihydrostreptomycin and polymyxin B seems to offer promise for evolving a new selective medium for these organisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

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confidence: 99%

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Raj¹,

Wiebe²,

Liston³

1961

Applied Microbiology

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“…The introduction into large scale commerce of frozen precooked foods with all their attendant potential bacteriological hazards has focused attention on the problems of detecting fecal contamination of foods. There is much evidence in the literature that the methods commonly applied for the detection of fecal indicator organisms in water and milk are unsatisfactory when applied to foodstuffs (Larkin, Litsky, and Fuller, 1956;Zaborowski, Huber, and Rayman, 1958; Kereluk and Gunderson, 1959). This is true even in the case of shellfish where such methods have been used for many years (Kelly, 1960).…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Raj¹,

Liston²

1961

Applied Microbiology

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“…Since the coli counts of frozen oysters are unpredictable, it would seem advisable to find a more reliable indicator organism. Larken et al (1956); Raj et al (1961) ;and Liston et al ( 1962) have all demonstrated that enterococci do survive freezing and storage, particularly of seafoods, better than does E. coli. Perhaps the enterococci would make suitable indicator organisms for the sanitary quality of frozen shellfish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Freezing on the Survival of Salmonella and E. coli in Pacific Oysters

DiGirolamo

Liston

Matches

1970

Journal of Food Science

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SUMMARY: A mixed inoculum of Salmonella derby or S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli I was injected into the intestinal region of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) which were then frozen by four methods. Frozen oysters were stored at O°F, and survival of the inoculated bacteria was determined over a period of two weeks. In separate experiments, inoculated oysters were homogenized and then stored, unfrozen, at 32°F and −30°F (frozen). Routinely, bacterial counts and pH readings were taken of all samples during the course of experiments. Both species of Salmonella proved to be highly sensitive to freezing, regardless of the freezing method, and showed a survival of 1% or less after 48 hr. E. coli proved less sensitive, showing a wide and capricious variability of survival during the first week of storage, with survival ranging from 10 to 30%. Generally, however, most samples showed a decline comparable to that of salmonellae after two weeks’storage. Because of the fluctuation in E. coli counts after freezing, it is difficult to correlate the numbers of E. colt in frozen shellfish with the count in unfrozen shellfish. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to apply coliform standards for fresh oysters to the frozen product. In separate studies using inoculated oyster homogenates held at 32° and −30°F for 168 hr, a higher survival rate of E. coli and salmonellae was noted in samples held at −30°F. However, since results obtained were based solely on bacterial counts, it is not possible to say with certainty that these results indicate a protective effect by oyster homogenates against the adverse effects of freezing. Significantly, the results of these experiments did not agree with results obtained with whole oysters, thus indicating the inadvisability of attempting to apply results of homogenate studies to the whole oyster.

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Incidence of Fecal Streptococci and Coliform Bacteria in Frozen Fish Products

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

The Effects of Freezing on the Survival of Salmonella and E. coli in Pacific Oysters

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