Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in All 50 United States, From 2000 Through 2012

White, Donna L.; Thrift, Aaron P.; Kanwal, Fasiha; Davila, Jessica A.; El–Serag, Hashem B.

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.020

Cited by 364 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…NAFLD is a relatively newer condition, and although the initial description dates back to 1980,1 its full spectrum and impact as a major chronic liver disease have only been recognized for the past 2 decades 2. Today, NAFLD is a leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States3 and contributes as the underlying etiology to a significant percentage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases each year 4…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Lessons learned from type 2 diabetes

Alkhouri

Poordad

Lawitz

2018

Hepatology Communications

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of insulin resistance, which is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). NAFLD is a known risk factor for developing T2D and has a very high prevalence in those with existing T2D. The diabetes spectrum includes several conditions from prediabetes to T2D to insulin‐dependent diabetes leading to macrovascular and microvascular complications. Similarly, NAFLD has a histologic spectrum that ranges from the relatively benign nonalcoholic fatty liver to the aggressive form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with or without liver fibrosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis‐cirrhosis leading to end‐stage liver disease. The management of T2D has witnessed significant changes over the past few decades with multiple new drug classes entering the treatment algorithm. Unfortunately, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved medications to treat NAFLD, and guidelines for the management of NAFLD are less established. However, the field of drug development in NAFLD has witnessed a revolution over the past 5 years with the establishment of a regulatory pathway for Food and Drug Administration approval; this has generated substantial interest from pharmaceutical companies. Several diabetes medications have been studied as potential treatments for NAFLD with promising results; moreover, drugs that target specific pathways that play a role in NAFLD development and progression are being developed at a rapid pace. Given the similarities between NAFLD and T2D in terms of pathogenesis, underlying risk factors, and disease spectrum, lessons learned from optimizing treatment for T2D can be extrapolated to the management of NAFLD. The aim of this review is to use the founding principles of the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm to optimize the management of NAFLD. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:778‐785)

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confidence: 99%

Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Lessons learned from type 2 diabetes

Alkhouri

Poordad

Lawitz

2018

Hepatology Communications

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“…In Europe the median prevalence is 23%-26% with variations in different European populations [3] . NAFLD is caused by an insulin resistance and, as reported above, often occurs with the presence of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome; therefore, liver can be considered the alarm bell of all of these pathologies [4] . The progressive form of NAFLD is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can lead to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The progressive form of NAFLD is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can lead to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC. It is worrying that NAFLD related HCC has been at present recognized as a growing burden worldwide, and its impact is expected to further grow together with the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat and hepatocellular carcinoma

Balsano¹,

Porcu²,

Sideri³

et al. 2018

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Obesity and diabetes are associated with the onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These two illnesses correlate also with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Currently, NAFL is considered the leading form of chronic liver disease in the Western industrialized countries. Insulin resistance is the common pathogenic factor among these three pathologies. NAFL is characterized by fat accumulation in the liver that involves greater than 5% of the liver parenchyma with no evidence of hepatocyte injury. However, NAFL may progress toward non-alcoholic steatohepatitis that in turn may lead to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC. It is alarming that NAFLD related HCC has been, at present, considered as a growing burden worldwide, and its prevalence is tending to further increase together with the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes. Worthy of note is that in the presence of chronic accumulation of fat in the liver it has been reported the emergence of HCC during chronic liver disease in absence of liver cirrhosis, usually the major risk factor for the development of HCC. Thus, in the future NAFLD related HCCs will place a growing strain on health-care systems from the need for their management. Unfortunately, most of the NAFLD related HCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and are characterized by a poor prognosis, because they are ineligible to radical treatments. Thus, it is urgent to boost up new screening policies to make early diagnoses, as well as to develop preventive-therapeutic strategies.

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“…Cancer stem cells have established mechanisms that contribute to tumor heterogeneity as well as resistance to therapy 1, 2, 3, 4. Yet to date, the switches involved in stem cell transformation in the liver and the definitive role of key pathways involved in liver regeneration and cancer remain partially understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primary cancer of the liver (HCC) currently remains among the most prevalent and lethal cancers, with ∼17% 5‐year survival rate (2007–2013) 2, 16, 17, 18. Drug resistance is one of the causal factors for therapy failure and is associated with the existence of tumor‐like stem cells 15.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming growth factor‐β in liver cancer stem cells and regeneration

Rao

Zaidi

Banerjee

et al. 2017

Hepatology Communications

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Cancer stem cells have established mechanisms that contribute to tumor heterogeneity as well as resistance to therapy. Over 40% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are considered to be clonal and arise from a stem‐like/cancer stem cell. Moreover, HCC is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and an improved understanding of cancer stem cells and targeting these in this cancer are urgently needed. Multiple studies have revealed etiological patterns and multiple genes/pathways signifying initiation and progression of HCC; however, unlike the transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) pathway, loss of p53 and/or activation of β‐catenin do not spontaneously drive HCC in animal models. Despite many advances in cancer genetics that include identifying the dominant role of TGF‐β signaling in gastrointestinal cancers, we have not reached an integrated view of genetic mutations, copy number changes, driver pathways, and animal models that support effective targeted therapies for these common and lethal cancers. Moreover, pathways involved in stem cell transformation into gastrointestinal cancers remain largely undefined. Identifying the key mechanisms and developing models that reflect the human disease can lead to effective new treatment strategies. In this review, we dissect the evidence obtained from mouse and human liver regeneration, and mouse genetics, to provide insight into the role of TGF‐β in regulating the cancer stem cell niche. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:477–493)

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Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in All 50 United States, From 2000 Through 2012

Cited by 364 publications

References 22 publications

Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Lessons learned from type 2 diabetes

Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Lessons learned from type 2 diabetes

Fat and hepatocellular carcinoma

Transforming growth factor‐β in liver cancer stem cells and regeneration

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