Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Recovered from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Zakho City/ Kurdistan-Iraq

Abstract

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) among patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) has become a significant cause of morbidity in all age groups. The aim of the current study was to identify S. aureus with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Moreover, it aimed to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to detect the presence of the mecA, lukPV and icaA genes in isolated S. aureus among UTIs patients. A total of 402 urine samples were collected from patients diagnosed with UTIs aged (less than 80 years) at Zakho General Hospital in Zakho City, from August 2021 to March 2022. From these samples, a total of 37 (12.6%) S. aureus was identified and molecularly confirmed by the nuc gene. A high prevalence of MRSA 28 (75.7%) was identified from these isolates S. aureus by Oxacillin sensitive test and confirmed by mecA gene. Females were highly infected with UTIs than males, and most cases were in chronic condition and married. In addition, 18 (64.3%) and 21 (75%) of these isolates S. aureus were harbored luk-PV and icaA genes, respectively. There were widespread of antimicrobial resistance patterns for these bacteria. Isolated MRSA were highly sensitive to Imipenem. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation between mecA and both virulence marker genes (luk-PV and icaA) found in MRSA with UTIs. Conclusion, the data demonstrated, for the first time, alarming emergence of multidrug-resistant MRSA isolated from UTIs of community-acquired in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Further studies are required in other cities to report whether or not MRSA is the cause of UTI patients in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) in Different Clinical Samples

“…Overall, among the 310 hospitalized patients tested for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, the prevalence of this bacterium were 10.64%, of which 51.5% were found to be MRSA. This prevalence rate of S. aureus was relatively comparable with that reported by Hami and Ibrahim (2023) who reported 12.6% of this bacterium in clinical samples (urine). Also, the prevalence rate of MRSA was in line with that obtained by Hussein et al, (2019), who reported the prevalence rate of 50.4% of MRSA among the Hospital Staff.…”

“…Also, the prevalence rate of MRSA was in line with that obtained by Hussein et al, (2019), who reported the prevalence rate of 50.4% of MRSA among the Hospital Staff. However, Hami and Ibrahim (2023) found a much higher prevalence rate of MRSA (75.7%) in Zakho General Hospital. In contrast, the prevalence of MRSA in the present study was almost tripled than that reported by Yassin, (2022) in a cross-sectional study conducted in Duhok city, who reported 18% of MRSA among medical college students.…”

“…(Anand et al, 2009;Pillai, et al, 2012). Although some investigations have been performed in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq using both conventional tests and mecA-based molecular detection of MRSA among the general population and healthcare workers (Othman et al, 2014;Hussein et al, 2017;Hussein et al, 2019;Rasheed and Hussein, 2020;Yassin, 2022;Hami and Ibrahim, 2023;Abduljabar and Naqid, 2023).…”

Prevalence of Plasmid Mediated Qnra, QNRB and QNRS Among Clinical Escherichia Coli Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections in Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

“…Similarly , another study depicted that approximately 53% of E. coli isolates from UTIs in Duhok city were resistant to Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (Hussein et al, 2017). Furthermore, many other studies conducted in Kurdistan Region showed variation in the percentages of resistance against members of fluoroquinolones antibiotics from both gram positive and negative bacteria isolated from UTIs (Hasan et al, 2022;Hami et al, 2023). This increase in the trend of resistance for the FQ antibiotics might be due to the overuse and abuse of these antibiotics.…”

Retrospective analysis of pediatric sepsis and the burden of antimicrobial resistance in Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

“…The excessive and improper use of antibiotics, particularly broad-spectrum antibiotics, plays a major role in the emergence of drug-resistant strains, as observed in several studies ( Doern et al, 2014 ; Tessema et al, 2021 ; Hasan and Ibrahim, 2022 ; Hami and Ibrahim, 2023 ; Ibrahim, 2023 ). Neonatal sepsis caused by antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria is a multifactorial issue of global concern due to the increased illness, death, and hospital expenses associated with it.…”