Incidence of Myopia in High School Students with and without Red-Green Color Vision Deficiency

Qian, Yishan; Chu, Ren-yuan; He, Julian; Sun, Xinghuai; Zhou, Xingtao; Zhao, Na; Hu, Dan‐Ning; Hoffman, Matthew R.; Dai, Jinhui; Qu, Xiaomei; Pao, Kristina E. Yi-Hwa

doi:10.1167/iovs.07-1362

Cited by 65 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…20 Thus, color vision deficiency that is caused by the absence or alteration of specific cone cells may affect the development of myopia. This idea is supported by the observations of Qian et al 21 of a lower prevalence of myopia in Chinese children with color vision defects.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

“…In a recent study, students with color vision deficiencies presented a lower prevalence of myopia than those with normal color vision. 21 Considering that this study used 309 subjects with color vision deficiency, while the present study used 101 subjects of color vision deficiency, the lack of association with color vision in the present study could be from lack of statistical power.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Myopia in a Rural Korean Population

Lee

Jee

Kwon

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

101

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supporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Myopia in a Rural Korean Population

Lee

Jee

Kwon

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

101

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“…As trichromacy evolved relatively recently in primates, we speculate that that the human emmetropization system relies primarily on long-vs-short wavelength opponency. In support of this, human dichromats with red-green color blindness do not appear to develop significantly more refractive error than trichromats – indeed, some forms of red/green color blindness may actually be protective against myopia (Qian, Chu et al 2009) suggesting that the red/green system can sometimes interfere with emmetropization. On the other hand, chicks come from a long evolutionary lineage of tetrachromacy, and use oil droplets to further sharpen the wavelength tuning of their cones (Wilby and Roberts 2017).…”

Section: 0 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews

2017

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In infant tree shrews, exposure to narrow-band long-wavelength (red) light, that stimulates long-wavelength sensitive cones almost exclusively, slows axial elongation and produces hyperopia. We asked if red light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent animals, ages when plus lenses are ineffective. Animals were raised in fluorescent colony lighting (100–300 lux) until they began 13 days of red-light treatment at 11 (n=5, “infant”), 35 (n=5, “juvenile”) or 95 (n=5, “adolescent”) days of visual experience (DVE). LEDs provided 527–749 lux on the cage floor. To control for the higher red illuminance, a fluorescent control group (n=5) of juvenile (35 DVE) animals was exposed to ~ 975 lux. Refractions were measured daily; ocular component dimensions at the start and end of treatment and end of recovery in colony lighting. These groups were compared with normals (n=7). In red light, the refractive state of both juvenile and adolescent animals became significantly (P<0.05) hyperopic: juvenile 3.9±1.0 diopters (D, mean±SEM) vs. normal 0.8±0.1 D; adolescent 1.6±0.2 D vs. normal 0.4±0.1 D. The fluorescent control group refractions (0.6±0.3 D) were normal. In red-treated juveniles the vitreous chamber was significantly smaller than normal (P<0.05): juvenile 2.67±0.03 mm vs. normal 2.75±0.02 mm. The choroid was also significantly thicker: juvenile 77±4 μm vs. normal 57±3 μm (P<0.05). Although plus lenses do not restrain eye growth in juvenile tree shrews, the red light-induced slowed growth and hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews demonstrates that the emmetropization mechanism is still capable of restraining eye growth at these ages.

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“…Because emmetropization is presumably an evolutionarily ancient process, it seems likely that the fundamental mechanisms were developed before the onset of trichromatic retinas in primates and are conserved across many species. Indeed, human dichromats (red/green colorblind) may actually have a lesser incidence of refractive errors compared to trichromats (Qian et al, 2009): certainly the red/green opponent system is not required for the human emmetropization mechanism to function. If humans do use chromatic cues for emmetropization, they most likely rely on the same short- vs. long-wavelength systems as dichromatic mammals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews

Gawne

Siegwart

Ward

et al. 2017

Experimental Eye Research

105

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Shortly after birth, the eyes of most animals (including humans) are hyperopic because the short axial length places the retina in front of the focal plane. During postnatal development, an emmetropization mechanism uses cues related to refractive error to modulate the growth of the eye, moving the retina toward the focal plane. One possible cue may be longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA), to signal if eyes are getting too long (long [red] wavelengths in better focus than short [blue]) or too short (short wavelengths in better focus). It could be difficult for the short-wavelength sensitive (SWS, “blue”) cones, which are scarce and widely spaced across the retina, to detect and signal defocus of short wavelengths. We hypothesized that the SWS cone retinal pathway could instead utilize temporal (flicker) information. We thus tested if exposure solely to long-wavelength light would cause developing eyes to slow their axial growth and remain refractively hyperopic, and if flickering short-wavelength light would cause eyes to accelerate their axial growth and become myopic. Four groups of infant northern tree shrews (Tupaia glis belangeri, dichromatic mammals closely related to primates) began 13 days of wavelength treatment starting at 11 days of visual experience (DVE). Ambient lighting was provided by an array of either long-wavelength (red, 626±10 nm) or short-wavelength (blue, 464±10 nm) light-emitting diodes placed atop the cage. The lights were either steady, or flickering in a pseudo-random step pattern. The approximate mean illuminance (in human lux) on the cage floor was red (steady, 527 lux; flickering, 329 lux), and blue (steady, 601 lux; flickering, 252 lux). Refractive state and ocular component dimensions were measured and compared with a group of age-matched normal animals (n=15 for refraction (first and last days); 7 for ocular components) raised in broad spectrum white fluorescent colony lighting (100-300 lux). During the 13 day period, the refraction of the normal animals decreased from (mean±SEM) 5.8±0.7 diopters (D) to 1.5±0.2 D as their vitreous chamber depth increased from 2.77±0.01mm to 2.80±0.03 mm. Animals exposed to red light (both steady and flickering) remained hyperopic throughout the treatment period so that the eyes at the end of wavelength treatment were significantly hyperopic (7.0±0.7 D, steady; 4.7±0.8 D, flickering) compared with the normal animals (p<0.01). The vitreous chamber of the steady red group (2.65±0.03 mm) was significantly shorter than normal (p<0.01). On average, steady blue light had little effect; the refractions paralleled the normal refractive decrease. In contrast, animals housed in flickering blue light increased the rate of refractive decrease so that the eyes became significantly myopic (−2.9±1.3 D) compared with the normal eyes and had longer vitreous chambers (2.93±0.04 mm). Upon return to colony lighting, refractions in all groups gradually returned toward emmetropia. These data are consistent both with the hypothesis that LCA can be an important visual...

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Incidence of Myopia in High School Students with and without Red-Green Color Vision Deficiency

Abstract: Color vision deficiencies appear to influence the development of myopia. The observed lower incidence of myopia in people with CVD may be linked to the reduced functionality of the L/M chromatic mechanism.

Cited by 65 publications

References 34 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Myopia in a Rural Korean Population

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Myopia in a Rural Korean Population

Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews

The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews

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