Incidence of prostate and urological cancers in England by ethnic group, 2001-2007: a descriptive study

Abstract

BackgroundThe aetiology of urological cancers is poorly understood and variations in incidence by ethnic group may provide insights into the relative importance of genetic and environmental risk factors. Our objective was to compare the incidence of four urological cancers (kidney, bladder, prostate and testicular) among six ‘non-White’ ethnic groups in England (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Caribbean and Chinese) to each other and to Whites.MethodsWe obtained Information on ethnicity for all urological cancer registrations from 2001 to 2007 (n = 329,524) by linkage to the Hospital Episodes Statistics database. We calculated incidence rate ratios adjusted for age, sex and income, comparing the six ethnic groups (and combined ‘South Asian’ and ‘Black’ groups) to Whites and to each other.ResultsThere were significant differences in the incidence of all four cancers between the ethnic groups (all p < 0.001). In general, ‘non-White’ groups had a lower incidence of urological cancers compared to Whites, except prostate cancer, which displayed a higher incidence in Blacks. (IRR 2.55) There was strong evidence of differences in risk between Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis for kidney, bladder and prostate cancer (p < 0.001), and between Black Africans and Black Caribbeans for all four cancers (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe risk of urological cancers in England varies greatly by ethnicity, including within groups that have traditionally been analysed together (South Asians and Blacks). In general, these differences are not readily explained by known risk factors, although the very high incidence of prostate cancer in both black Africans and Caribbeans suggests increased genetic susceptibility. g.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1771-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Epidemiology of renal cancer in developing countries: Review of the literature

“…12,13 The lowest was found in England found differences by ethnicity, being the largest one in white population, regarding: Pakistani, Asian, African and Indian. 18 Mortality was assessed in 8 articles, three with information from multiple countries. The highest mortality was found in Czech Republic of 9/100 000 in men and 3,7/100 000 in women, the lowest was found in Greece, Portugal, and Luxembourg.…”

Reliability of urinary cytology and cystoscopy for the screening and diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with neurogenic bladder: A systematic review

“….) 38,39 despite supported by high level of evidence studies. Moreover, besides the above-mentioned limitations of cystoscopy and urinary cytology with regards to bladder cancer screening, several parameters might not be in favor of this screening, such as cost-effectiveness.…”

“…These considerations may justify the need of screening to detect disease at an early stage. However, bladder cancer in neurogenic patients remained relatively rare compared to other cancers in the general population which screening program are highly controversial (eg, prostate, breast,…) despite supported by high level of evidence studies. Moreover, besides the above‐mentioned limitations of cystoscopy and urinary cytology with regards to bladder cancer screening, several parameters might not be in favor of this screening, such as cost‐effectiveness.…”

Prevalence and associations of general practitioners’ ordering of “non-symptomatic” prostate-specific antigen tests: A cross-sectional analysis

“…The association of PSA testing with not being of non‐English speaking background may reflect an appreciation by GPs and patients of epidemiological factors (men of South Asian, Chinese, Asian and Hispanic backgrounds have appreciably lower incidence of prostate cancer) . It may also reflect cultural factors of ethnic differences in barriers to PSA screening …”