Incidence of Rotavirus Infection among Under-Five Children Attending Health Centres in Selected Communities of Ndola, Copperbelt Province, Zambia

Shachakanza, Julia; Zulu, Joseph Mumba; Maimbolwa, Margaret

doi:10.4236/health.2019.113026

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…With regard to RVA, the prevalence (70%) fell within the global prevalence of RVA of 38%-67% [10], hence this is a significant finding because diarrhea-associated death is among the major health problems globally. Furthermore, recent reports have shown that one in every 260 children born dies from RVA-associated infections [10,18]. Detection of RVA, a regularly implicated acute gastroenteritis-causing pathogen in the young population, is critical in developing effective control measures in communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Untreated Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Opportunity for Establishment of Wastewater Surveillance System for the Community

Saasa,

M’kandawire,

Ndebe

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Enteric infections are a major public health concern. Detecting risk areas requires a strong surveillance system for pathogenic viruses in possible sources such as wastewater. To build an environmental surveillance system, we aimed to identify group A rotavirus (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater. We also focused on three different methods of viral concentration to determine suitability for a regular surveillance system. We screened 20 wastewater samples for HAdV and RVA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR). Sixteen posi-tives (18/20) and ten (14/20) positives for HAdV and RVA, respectively, were obtained on qPCR, representing a prevalence of 90% and 70%. Twelve (12) positives were successfully amplified. Bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) and skimmed milk (SM) flocculation were the most consistent viral concentration methods for HAdV and RVA, respectively. Human adenovirus was identified with nucleotide identity range of 98.48% to 99.53%. Statistical analysis of positives showed that viral burden differed by site (P

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Zambia, diarrhea-associated deaths are ranked third in the young population [18]. Notably, HAdV and RVA are among the top six enteric pathogens associated with moderate to severe diarrhea in Zambia, although the magnitude of HAdV infection remains unclear [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Untreated Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Opportunity for Establishment of Wastewater Surveillance System for the Community

Saasa,

M’kandawire,

Ndebe

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In Zambia, diarrhea-associated deaths are ranked third among children under five [ 21 ]. Notably, HAdV and RVA are among the top six enteric pathogens associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in Zambia, although the magnitude of HAdV infection remains unclear [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community

Saasa,

M’kandawire,

Ndebe

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Enteric infections due to viral pathogens are a major public health concern. Detecting the risk areas requires a strong surveillance system for pathogenic viruses in sources such as wastewater. Towards building an environmental surveillance system in Zambia, we aimed to identify group A rotavirus (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater. Convenient sampling was conducted at four study sites every Tuesday for five consecutive weeks. The research team focused on three different methods of viral concentration to determine the suitability in terms of cost and applicability for a regular surveillance system: the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS), polyethylene glycol-based (PEG) precipitation, and skimmed milk (SM) flocculation. We screened 20 wastewater samples for HAdV and RVA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR). Of the 20 samples tested using qPCR, 18/20 (90%) tested positive for HAdV and 14/20 (70%) tested positive for RVA. For the genetic sequencing, qPCR positives were subjected to cPCR, of which 12 positives were successfully amplified. The human adenovirus was identified with a nucleotide identity range of 98.48% to 99.53% compared with the reference genome from GenBank. The BMFS and SM flocculation were the most consistent viral concentration methods for HAdV and RVA, respectively. A statistical analysis of the positives showed that viral positivity differed by site (p < 0.001). SM and PEG may be the most appropriate options in resource-limited settings such as Zambia due to the lower costs associated with these concentration methods. The demonstration of HAdV and RVA detection in wastewater suggests the presence of the pathogens in the communities under study and the need to establish a routine wastewater surveillance system for the identification of pathogens.

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“…Africa alone accounts for about 50% of RVA-associated deaths globally despite the introduction of RVA vaccines in the immunization programs in most countries [9]. In Zambia, diarrhea-related deaths are ranked third among the major causes of death in children younger than five years [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genomic Characterization of Rotavirus A from Domestic Pigs in Zambia: Evidence for Possible Porcine–Human Interspecies Transmission

Ndebe,

Harima,

Chambaro

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea globally in animals and young children under 5 years old. Here, molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine rotavirus in smallholder and commercial pig farms in the Lusaka Province of Zambia were conducted. Screening of 148 stool samples by RT-PCR targeting the VP6 gene revealed a prevalence of 22.9% (34/148). Further testing of VP6-positive samples with VP7-specific primers produced 12 positives, which were then Sanger-sequenced. BLASTn of the VP7 positives showed sequence similarity to porcine and human rotavirus strains with identities ranging from 87.5% to 97.1%. By next-generation sequencing, the full-length genetic constellation of the representative strains RVA/pig-wt/ZMB/LSK0137 and RVA/pig-wt/ZMB/LSK0147 were determined. Genotyping of these strains revealed a known Wa-like genetic backbone, and their genetic constellations were G4-P[6]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G9-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two viruses might have their ancestral origin from pigs, though some of their gene segments were related to human strains. The study shows evidence of reassortment and possible interspecies transmission between pigs and humans in Zambia. Therefore, the “One Health” surveillance approach for rotavirus A in animals and humans is recommended to inform the design of effective control measures.

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Incidence of Rotavirus Infection among Under-Five Children Attending Health Centres in Selected Communities of Ndola, Copperbelt Province, Zambia

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Untreated Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Opportunity for Establishment of Wastewater Surveillance System for the Community

Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Untreated Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Opportunity for Establishment of Wastewater Surveillance System for the Community

Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community

Prevalence and Genomic Characterization of Rotavirus A from Domestic Pigs in Zambia: Evidence for Possible Porcine–Human Interspecies Transmission

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