Incidence, Pattern and Mechanisms of Injuries and Fractures in Children Under Two Years of Age

Abstract

Background: Fractures in children under two years of age are rare, and little has been published on their mechanisms. We aimed at examining the incidence, mechanisms, pattern and fracture characteristics in a large, population-based cohort of otherwise healthy children.Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study includes all children aged 0-2 years, attending the Accident and Emergency department in Bergen between 2010 and 2015, due to an injury warranting radiography. Clinical data was categorized from the medical notes, and all radiographs were reviewed by an experienced paediatric radiologist. Results: 408 children (212 male), 3-23 months of age (mean 17.7 months), were included. 149 (77 male) children had a total of 162 fractures, yielding an annual incidence of 5.4 per 1000, varying from 0.7 per 1000 for those under 12 months of age, increasing tenfold to 7.3 per 1000 for children aged 12-24 months of age. More than half of the fractures (53.1%) were seen in children aged 18-23 months, while none was found in those under 7 months of age. The youngest age group had mostly femur and tibia fractures, the oldest mostly forearm fractures (n=55, 34.0%), followed by tibia fractures (21.6%) and fractures to the clavicle (14.8%). The reported mechanisms for the 162 fractures were fall from a chair/bed/table (41.4%), fall from own height (18.5%) or crush injury (15.4%). In 5% of the injuries, the fracture history was clearly inconsistent and suspicious of non-accidental injury (NAI). Conclusion: Injuries and fractures in young children in general, and non-ambulant children in particular, are rare and should be thoroughly assessed for NAI. Level of evidence: Retrospective, population based cross-sectional study. Level 3.

Skeletal Outcomes in Children and Young Adults with Glomerular Disease

“…We excluded person-time below the age of 2 years for several reasons. Fractures occurring before 18 months, the usual age of walking, have different risk factors 33 , 34 . Measures such as body mass index and eGFR, which we included in our analyses, are not appropriately applied before 2 years of age.…”

“…Fractures occurring before 18 months, the usual age of walking, have different risk factors. 33,34 Measures such as body mass index and eGFR, which we included in our analyses, are…”