Incidence rates of occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark between 2007 and 2018: A population‐based study

Dietz, Jojo B; Menné, Torkil; Meyer, H.; Viskum, Sven; Flyvholm, Mari‐Ann; Ahrensbøll‐Friis, Ulrik; John, Swen Malte; Johansen, Jeanne Duus

doi:10.1111/cod.13910

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We also found men to have a statistically significantly higher OR for having OACD. This corresponds to earlier studies, that have found that males have a higher prevalence of OACD compared to females because of exposures related to the metal-working industry and work tools, among others, 4,19 which can explain this gender discrepancy.…”

Section: Statements On Health Care Systemsupporting

confidence: 91%

Occupational contact dermatitis among young people in Denmark – A survey of causes and long‐term consequences

et al. 2022

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Background: Studies on the causes and consequences of occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) among young workers are non-existent.Objectives: Determine causes and consequences of OCD among workers younger than 35 years of age.Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 6251 workers younger than 35 years at notification with recognized OCD (response rate 47%). Results:The most prevalent occupations were health care workers, kitchen workers, nursery teachers, and hairdressers and beauticians. Seventy-six percent still had eczema, and 77% of these had eczema half to all the time over the last 3 months, with 61% evaluating their eczema as moderate to very severe. Fifty-three percent had changed their occupation since notification, and 42.5% had lost their job because of OCD. Allergic OCD increased the odds ratio (OR) for facial or foot eczema, job loss, change in work tasks, difficulties finding work, decrease in income, and sick leave. Age at notification of 25 years of age or younger increased the risk of job loss and feeling restricted in choice of job. Workers in the food industry had a higher OR for job loss, whereas hairdressers and beauticians had a higher risk of job loss and a decrease in income. Conclusions:The severe, long-term consequences of OCD notification signify the need for further preventive strategies among young workers.

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Section: Statements On Health Care Systemsupporting

confidence: 91%

Occupational contact dermatitis among young people in Denmark – A survey of causes and long‐term consequences

et al. 2022

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“…Application of the factor of 0.1 is also consistent with the previous risk assessment considering the ratio of skin rinse to MEL for 3 other hair dyes 9 . Second, a factor of 10 was used to account for the prolonged exposure to wet work 22 associated with an increased likelihood of impaired skin barrier integrity and of ACD due to concomitant exposure to irritants and allergens 28–30 . Third, the resulting values were divided by 100 cm 2 representing the surface area of the hairdressers' hands/fingers that is directly exposed to the freshly colored hair during cutting, styling, and/or blow-drying, as previously described 9 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The 2-Methoxymethyl Modification of p-Phenylenediamine Reduces the Sensitization Risk for Hairdressers to Hair Dyes—An Occupational Hand Exposure–Based Risk Assessment

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Background: Allergic contact dermatitis involving the hands is a common occupational skin disease for hairdressers and the potent sensitizers p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD) are associated with the development of occupational allergic contact dermatitis.Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze whether the use of the moderate sensitizer 2-methoxymethyl-PPD (ME-PPD) in professional hair dyes is a suitable tool to reduce the occupational contact allergy risk for hairdressers.Methods: Hand exposure of hairdressers (N = 11) to ME-PPD was analyzed under routine hair coloring conditions in commercial salons. By accounting for wet work and uneven hand exposure, the daily hand exposure was derived and compared with the occupational acceptable exposure level (AEL), that is, the sensitization induction threshold of ME-PPD adjusted for interindividual variability among workers.Results: The daily hand exposure to ME-PPD was 1.6 μg/cm 2 , and the occupational AEL was 215 μg/cm 2 . The ratio of hand exposure to AEL was calculated as the margin of safety (MOS) against occupational sensitization. For ME-PPD, the MOS of 134 indicates a low likelihood of sensitization versus PPD and PTD with MOS values of 2.7 and 5.9, respectively.Conclusions: Our data predict that the use of ME-PPD in professional hair color products improves the protection of hairdressers against hair dye-related contact allergy versus the use of PPD and PTD.

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“…A recent systematic review 14 of HE in the general population, found no decrease in the lifetime prevalence when comparing studies published before and after 2007, suggesting that the decreased career prevalence observed in our study not being due to general factors protecting against HE in the general population. Additionally, a recent study 15 found a decrease in the IR of recognized OHE in Danish hairdressers from 2012 onwards (IRR 0.64), while no simultaneous decrease were seen for other wet‐work occupations, further suggesting that the decreased risk of OHE if trained after implementation of the skin protection program likely being due to an increase in compliance with skin protective measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A nationwide skin protection program introduced in hairdressing vocational schools was followed by a decreased risk of occupational hand eczema

et al. 2022

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Background Compliance with glove use and safe work practices are important factors in primary prevention of occupational hand eczema (OHE) in hairdressers. Objective To assess the risk OHE and compliance with skin protective measures in hairdressers trained before and after implementation of a nationwide skin protection program in Danish hairdressing vocational schools in 2011. Methods A repeated cross‐sectional study was performed. A questionnaire was sent in 2009 and 2020. The Danish Labour Market Supplementary Pension Scheme provided information on yearly payments from the hairdressing profession. Results A response rate of 66.6% (305/460) was obtained in the 2009 survey and of 29.9% (363/1215) in the 2020 survey. The career time prevalence of OHE decreased from 42.8% to 29.0% (adjusted odds ratio 0.55 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40‐0.77) and the incidence rate of OHE decreased from 57.5 (95%CI 48.4‐68.4) to 42.0 (95%CI 34.6‐50.9) per 1000 person years (incidence rate ratio 0.73 [95%CI 0.56‐0.95] between the two surveys). A statistically significant (P < .05) increase in glove use when doing wet‐work and when handling hair dyes, permanent wave solutions and bleaching products was observed in the 2020 compared to the 2009 survey. Conclusion Our data suggest that skin protection training during apprenticeship reduces the risk of OHE in hairdressers. The lack of primary prevention of OHE in hairdressing vocational schools may be a missed opportunity in the prevention of the disease.

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Incidence rates of occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark between 2007 and 2018: A population‐based study

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Occupational contact dermatitis among young people in Denmark – A survey of causes and long‐term consequences

Occupational contact dermatitis among young people in Denmark – A survey of causes and long‐term consequences

The 2-Methoxymethyl Modification of p-Phenylenediamine Reduces the Sensitization Risk for Hairdressers to Hair Dyes—An Occupational Hand Exposure–Based Risk Assessment

A nationwide skin protection program introduced in hairdressing vocational schools was followed by a decreased risk of occupational hand eczema

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