“…Aflatoxins may occur in peanuts, corn (maize) and cottonseed, as well as in many other agricultural commodities ( Pittet 2001 ). Occurrence in rice has also been reported in a number of countries ( Reddy et al 2008 ; Gummert et al 2009 ): Sri Lanka ( Bandara et al 1991 ), Bangladesh ( Dawlatana et al 2002 ), Japan ( Tabata et al 1993 ), China ( Liu and Gao 2006 ; Wang and Liu 2007 ), Vietnam ( Nguyen et al 2007 ), Thailand ( Shank et al 1972 ), India ( Pande et al 1990 ; Toteja et al 2006 ; Reddy et al 2009 ), the Philippines ( Sales and Yoshizawa 2005 ), Korea ( Park et al 2004 , 2005a ), United Arab Emirates ( Osman et al 1999 ), Turkey ( Aydin et al 2010 ), Tunisia ( Ghali et al 2008 ), Nigeria ( Hussaini et al 2007 ), Côte d'Ivoire ( Sangare-Tigori et al 2006b ), Uruguay ( Piñeiro et al 1996 ), Brazil ( Soares and Rodriguez-Amaya 1989 ; de Carvalho et al 2010 ), and the United States ( Abbas and Shier 2009 ), as well as in imported/ marketed rice in the United Kingdom ( Scudamore et al 1998 ; Food Standards Agency (FSA) 2002 ), Austria ( Reiter et al 2010 ), Iran ( Mazaheri 2009 ) and Sweden ( Fredlund et al 2009 ; Nordkvist et al 2009 ). The study in Vietnam indicated that the rainy season was a major risk factor for occurrence of AFB 1 in rice ( Nguyen et al 2007 ).…”