Inter)subjectification in the quotative tte in Japanese conversationLocal change, utterance-ness and verb-ness
Ryoko SuzukiKeio University This article discusses the process of (inter)subjectification in grammatical constructions including tte, which is known as the quotative complementizer in present-day Japanese. About 170 instances of tte constructions that appeared in the conversational data spanning over 200 years are analyzed, focusing on three major types of constructions: the quotative tte construction, the topic-introducing construction, and the constructions with tte as utterance-final pragmatic particles. There are morphosyntactic changes concomitant to the process of (inter)subjectification; for example, the quality of the "quoted" element preceding tte has been extended to include less utterancelike materials. In addition, the "main" verb iu 'say' that is associated with the quotative tte has lost its verbal characteristics in the topic construction and disappears in the utterance-final particle construction. Subjectification, as well as intersubjectification, is observed locally in each position: after the quoted element, after the topic noun, and at the utterance-final position.(Inter)subjectification in the quotative tte in Japanese conversation 209
DataThis study combines natural conversations and colloquial text data, primarily in the Tokyo dialect. The tokens of tte were taken from the conversational portions of novels stretching from the 1780s to the 1930s, as well as 23 transcripts of the tape-recorded conversations of present-day Japanese taped in the late 1980s to the 1990s. 2 I chose groups of novels published approximately 50 years apart: novels published around the 1780s, the 1830s, the 1880s, and the 1930s. Since no token of tte was found in the 1780s texts, my analysis began from the novels in the 1830s. A total number of 168 tokens were classified and coded by basic discourse functions, and analyzed in terms of morphosyntactic features and subjectification. The coded tokens include six tokens from the 1830s, 45 tokens from the 1880s, 57 tokens from the 1930s, and 60 tokens from present-day Japanese conversations. (The list of novels is provided in the references.) I decided to arbitrarily code no more than a dozen tokens from one novel or transcript, in order to lessen the effect of personal preference. In addition, the present-day Japanese instances appeared in the novels published in the 1980s and the ones reported in previous studies by other researchers were also included.