Including Planet 9 in the Solar System Increases the Coherence between the Sunspot Number Record and Solar Inertial Motion

Abstract

The Sun would be subject to a significant variation of orbital motion about the solar system barycentre if a small planet is orbiting at a very large distance. This paper assesses if the Planet 9 hypothesis, the existence of a ninth planet, is consistent with the planetary hypothesis: the synchronisation of sunspot emergence to solar inertial motion (SIM) induced by the planets. We show that SIM would be profoundly affected if Planet 9 exists and that the hypothesised effect of SIM on sunspot emergence would be radically different from the effect of SIM due to the existing eight planets. We compare the frequency and time variation of Sun to barycentre distance, R B , calculated for both the eight and nine planet systems, with the frequency and time variation of sunspot number (SSN). We show that including Planet 9 improves the coherence between R B and SSN in the decadal, centennial and millennial time range. Additionally, as the variation of R B is sensitive to the longitude and period of Planet 9, it is possible to adjust both parameters to fit the variation of R B to the SSN record and obtain new estimates of the period and present longitude of Planet 9. Finally, we develop the hypothesis that planetary induced solar acceleration reduces meridional flow and consequently sunspot emergence thereby providing an explanation for the observed coincidence of grand solar minima with intervals of extreme solar acceleration.