Inclusion complexes of clove essential oil with sodium caseinate and gum arabic prepared by high-pressure homogenization: Characterization and non-contact antimicrobial activity

Emulsification and stabilisation technologies used for the inclusion of lipophilic functional ingredients in food systems

“…The advantages of these systems include their relative ease of preparation and low cost [ 29 ]. Regarding the protection of lipophilic functional ingredients, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are very common; however, O/W emulsions are not only designed to protect lipid compounds, Essential oils [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] ] and microorganisms [ [35] , [36] , [37] ] can also be protected in O/W emulsions.…”

“…Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide composed mainly of galacturonic acid units found in the cell walls of plants [ 120 ], and Gum Arabic: A natural exudate obtained from the Acacia tree. It is a complex mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins [ 31 ]; Carrageenan: Extracted from red marine algae, is an anionic polysaccharide consisting of d -galactose chain bearing one sulphate group every two of units. Commonly used stabilisers and emulsifiers for emulsions [ 122 ].…”

“…Therefore, the stability of emulsions can be improved by forming complexes between the proteins and polysaccharides [ 120 ]. Several authors have reported the use of protein-polysaccharide complexes to encapsulate lipophilic ingredients such as clove essential oil [ 31 ]soybean oil [ 123 ], medium-chain triglycerides [ 63 , 65 , 120 ], curcumin [ 91 ], fish oil [ 83 ], and Sacha inchi [ 84 ].…”

“…Sustainable surfactants: With the increasing demand for sustainable products, there has been a focus on developing surfactants that are derived from renewable sources and have a low environmental impact. Examples include surfactants produced from vegetable oils, sugars, and proteins [ 31 , 123 , 125 , 132 ].…”

Insights from Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil: Encapsulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity

“…The encapsulated emulsion's deposition on the drying equipment's wall is another limiting issue that raises costs and lowers yield and product quality [37]. Another popular technique is complex coacervation [38,39], however, it can be difficult to use on a large scale and can lead to variances in the final product, because it is easily agglomerated and offers little control over the size of the particles generated. In turn, encapsulation in liposomes necessitates the use of heating, which is problematic for the essential oil's stability, in addition to tools and solvents that, depending on the concentration employed, may be hazardous [40].…”