“…The roundtrip efficiency
is calculated at the dc‐side of the BESS as the fraction of energy stored in the battery module that can be later retrieved and is typically provided by battery manufacturers. Assuming that the charging efficiency at the dc‐side is equal to the discharging efficiency at the dc‐side, their values can be derived as the square root of
[
33]. The total efficiency of the BESS in charging and discharging mode,
and
, is calculated using (7), based on the notation of Figure 2, where
is the inverter efficiency rate.…”