Inclusions in wrought superalloys: a review

Yang, Shufeng; Yang, Shulei; Qu, Jinglong; Du, Jinhui; Gu, Yu; Zhao, Peng; Wang, Ning

doi:10.1007/s42243-021-00617-y

Cited by 43 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Figure 7c,d provides an examples of monoclinic m-ZrO 2 occasionally found in polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys. [31,111,[162][163][164][165][166] A number of studies on PM processed Ni-based superalloys report on ZrO 2 . [164][165][166] Here, its role as nucleation site for MC carbides may depend on individual superalloy composition and thermomechanical processing.…”

Section: Precipitation Of Zr-rich Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[219,220] Furthermore, carbide clusters may act as void nucleation sites and excessive porosity can promote forge cracking. [31,41,47,59] Figure 8 presents an empirical study of microstructural features influenced by B, C, and Zr microalloying additions. It is classified into carbides (e.g., MC, or M 6 C, or M 23 C 6 ), borides (e.g., M 2 B, or M 3 B 2 , or M 5 B 3 ), or both.…”

Section: Solid-state Phase Transformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[28][29][30] Other inclusions present may be oxides (Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 ), nitrides (TiN), sulfides (MgS, ZrS, and MoS), or carbonitrides and sulfocarbides. [31] B, C, and Zr are microalloying additions to optimize high-temperature strength and creep properties via GB segregation. [32] During vacuum induction melting (VIM), electro-DOI: 10.1002/adem.202201514…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Challenges in the processing of cast and wrought Ni-based superalloys are comprehensively presented by Hardy et al [13] However, the impact of B, C, and Zr was not discussed. Yang et al [31] reviewed inclusions in cast and wrought Ni-based superalloys but acknowledged that more research is required to gain a more complete understanding of their thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Welding and additive manufacturing (AM) of Ni-based superalloys have been reviewed extensively, [60][61][62] but process conditions and phase transformation kinetics vary considerably from cast and wrought processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Microstructure–Mechanical Property Relationships in Cast and Wrought Ni‐Based Superalloys with Boron, Carbon, and Zirconium Microalloying Additions

et al. 2022

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Cast and wrought Ni‐based superalloys are materials of choice for harsh high‐temperature environments of aircraft engines and gas turbines. Their compositional complexity requires sophisticated thermo‐mechanical processing. A typical microstructure consists of a polycrystalline γ‐matrix, strengthening Ni3(Al,Ti) γ′ precipitates, carbides (MC, M6C, and M23C6), borides (M2B, M3B2, and M5B3), and other inclusions. Microalloying additions of B, C, and Zr commonly improve high‐temperature strength and creep resistance, although excessive additions are detrimental. Grain boundary (GB) segregation may improve cohesion and displace embrittling impurities. Finely dispersed carbides and borides are desired to control grain size via GB pinning. However, excessive decoration of GBs may lead to failure during processing and in‐service. Hence, a systematic review on the roles of B, C, and Zr in cast and wrought Ni‐based superalloys is required. The current state of knowledge on GB segregation and precipitation is reviewed. Experimental and modeling results are compared across various processing steps. The impact of GB precipitation on mechanical properties is most well researched. Co‐precipitation in proximity to GBs interacting with local microstructure evolution and mechanical properties remains less explored. Addressing these gaps in knowledge allows a more complete understanding of processing–microstructure–properties relationships in advanced cast and wrought Ni‐based superalloys.

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Section: Precipitation Of Zr-rich Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solid-state Phase Transformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Microstructure–Mechanical Property Relationships in Cast and Wrought Ni‐Based Superalloys with Boron, Carbon, and Zirconium Microalloying Additions

et al. 2022

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“…Recently, with the development of simulation and characterization methodologies, the boundary of these two concepts starts to overlap, and it is better to use one concept, i.e., "Inclusion/ Precipitate Engineering" to describe the correlation of processing, structure, and property regarding the particle behaviors. Very recently, this concept has been applied not only in steels but also in e.g., Ni/Co-based super-alloys (Yang et al, 2021), high entropy alloys, etc. (Wang et al, 2021).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Inclusion/Precipitate Engineering and Thermo-Physical Properties in Liquid Steels and Alloys

Michelic

Wang

2022

Front. Mater.

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Editorial on the Research TopicInclusion/Precipitate Engineering and Thermo-Physical Properties in Liquid Steels and Alloys Non-metallic inclusion and precipitate behaviors in the liquid-and solid-state steels and alloys play a significant influence on both the cleanliness and the mechanical and corrosion properties of the materials. Two classical terminologies regarding the control of non-metallic inclusion behaviors exist, "Clean Steel Technology" refers to the investigation of inclusion motion, agglomeration, and its removal from the liquid steel and slag (Mu et al., 2018;Park and Zhang, 2020;Michelic and Bernhard, 2022). When the inclusion size is too small (normally sub-micron size) to remove, "Oxide Metallurgy" provides a suitable solution to utilize these types of specific inclusions/precipitates to refine the prior austenite grain size (PAGS) and induce intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) formation to improve the steel mechanical property, e.g., low-temperature toughness (Sarma et al., 2009;Mu et al., 2017). Recently, with the development of simulation and characterization methodologies, the boundary of these two concepts starts to overlap, and it is better to use one concept, i.e., "Inclusion/ Precipitate Engineering" to describe the correlation of processing, structure, and property regarding the particle behaviors. Very recently, this concept has been applied not only in steels but also in e.g., Ni/Co-based super-alloys (Yang et al., 2021), high entropy alloys, etc. (Wang et al., 2021). Besides the behaviors of inclusions in the steelmaking and casting process, control of inclusions in the state-ofthe-art processes, e.g., additive manufacturing (AM) (Eo et al., 2022) is also included in this concept. Last but not least, machine learning (ML) based methods, as well as automatic analysis (Tang et al., 2017), start to be applied in this field extensively to classify different inclusion types and analyze the statistical features rapidly. The schematic illustration of the "Inclusion/Precipitate Engineering" concept is presented in Figure 1.The Research Topic Inclusion/precipitate engineering and its thermo-physical property in liquid steels and alloys aims at collecting the state-of-the-art research activities focusing on the experimental and theoretical studies of inclusions and precipitates behaviors, seven peer-reviewed original research articles are collected, covering the topics of inclusion agglomeration in the liquid steels, oxide metallurgy, precipitation in TRIP steel, inclusion classification by machine learning (ML), the thermal conductivity of silicate glasses and melts, precipitation behavior of Fe 2 O 3 , etc.Ferreira et al. investigated the liquid inclusion collision and agglomeration in Ca-treated Al-killed steel, the lab-scale experiments found that the liquid calcium aluminates have a tendency to agglomerate and grow. They also reported that the growth is fast immediately following calcium treatment, and subsequently slows down, which may not be found easily in the industrial scale analys...

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Behavior Study of Gas Bubbles in High‐Temperature Steel Melts

Zhu,

Li,

et al. 2024

steel research int.

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This study provides an exhaustive exploration of the thermal expansion of low‐temperature argon bubbles in high‐temperature molten steel and the resulting dynamic effects. The energy equation of compressible fluid simultaneously with the volume of fluid model under the Euler framework is solved. The generation and rising behavior of bubbles are validated through rigorous physical water model experiments. Findings reveal that, within a heating time of 0.2–0.45 ms, gas bubbles already complete 65–90% of their internal energy increase. The total heat transfer time and heat transfer coefficient of bubbles exhibit distinctive patterns influenced by the initial diameter and temperature of the bubbles. Specifically, under the conditions studied, bubbles exhibit a total heat transfer time of ≈20–60 ms, accompanied by a heat transfer coefficient ranging from 500 to 2600 W (m2 * K)−1. During the thermal expansion process, gas bubbles experience energy transfer and conversion within the two‐phase flow. This article establishes a dynamic model describing bubble thermal expansion in steel melts based on underwater bubble dynamics’ first principles. The model provides a quantitative depiction of instantaneous changes in bubble size, velocity, and kinetic energy under specific conditions.

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Inclusions in wrought superalloys: a review

Cited by 43 publications

References 60 publications

Review of Microstructure–Mechanical Property Relationships in Cast and Wrought Ni‐Based Superalloys with Boron, Carbon, and Zirconium Microalloying Additions

Review of Microstructure–Mechanical Property Relationships in Cast and Wrought Ni‐Based Superalloys with Boron, Carbon, and Zirconium Microalloying Additions

Editorial: Inclusion/Precipitate Engineering and Thermo-Physical Properties in Liquid Steels and Alloys

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Behavior Study of Gas Bubbles in High‐Temperature Steel Melts

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