In some of the earliest and most influential writing on cities, the village and the city, or the 'rural' and the 'urban', have been understood as being on the two ends of the historical continuum (see, for instance, Wirth 1964). 1 Mainstream Western theorizations on modernity and development have since then perpetuated the rather simplistic notion that what is urban is modern and what is rural is traditional (Robinson 2006). This is premised on the argument that cities represent an advance on life, a certain progress from primitive societies (Rostow 1960). Western Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution have been central to such an understanding of progress. These theorizations have been challenged from various perspectives (