Incorporating and reporting uncertainties in fault slip rates

Zechar, J. D.; Frankel, Kurt L.

doi:10.1029/2009jb006325

Cited by 95 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As shown by McGill & Sieh (1991) and discussed by Zechar & Frankel (2009), dealing with a dense and imperfect (i.e. We assume that the offsets primarily result from repeated major coseismic fault slips, and therefore examine the broad range of offset values to recover the large coseismic slip increments that might have cumulated to build the various offsets.…”

Section: N T E R P R E Tat I O N a N D Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding the buried record of past earthquakes with GPR-based palaeoseismology: a case study on the Hope fault, New Zealand

Beauprêtre¹,

Garambois²,

Manighetti³

et al. 2012

Geophysical Journal International

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International audienceIn places where sedimentation and erosion compete at fast rates, part of the record of past earthquakes on faults may be buried, hence hidden, in the first few metres below the surface. We developed a novel form of palaeoseismology, of geophysical type, based on the use of a dense pseudo-3-D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey to investigate such possible buried earthquake traces, on a long, fast-slipping strike-slip fault (Hope fault, New Zealand), at a site (Terako) where marked alluvial conditions prevail. We first used LiDAR data to analyse the ground surface morphology of the 2 km2 site at the greatest resolution. Nineteen morphological markers were observed, mainly alluvial terrace risers and small stream channels that are all dextrally offset by the fault by amounts ranging between 3 and 200 m. The measurements document about 10 past earthquake slip events with a mean coseismic slip of 3.3 +/- 1 m, with the most recent earthquake event having a slip of 3 +/- 0.5 m. We then investigated a detailed area of the site (400 x 600 m2) with pseudo-3-D GPR. We measured 56, similar to 400 m long, 510 m spaced GPR profiles (250 MHz), parallel to the fault and evenly distributed on either side. The analysis revealed the existence of a palaeosurface buried at about 3 m depth, corresponding to the top of alluvial terraces of different ages. That buried surface is incised by a dense network of stream channels that are all dextrally offset by the fault. We measured 48 lateral offsets in the buried channel network, more than twice than at the surface. These offsets range between 6 and 108 m, as observed at the surface, yet provide a more continuous record of the fault slip. The similarity of the successive slip increments suggests a slip per event averaging 4.4 +/- 1 m, fairly similar to that estimated from surface data. From the total surface and buried 67 offset collection, we infer that a minimum of 30 large earthquakes have broken the Hope fault at the Terako site in the last about 67 kyr, with an average coseismic slip of 3.2 +/- 1 m, a minimum average recurrence time of about 200 yr, and a magnitude of at least Mw 7.07.4. Our study therefore confirms that part of the record of past earthquakes may indeed reside in the first few metres below the surface, where it may be explored with geophysical, GPR-based palaeoseismology. Developing such a new palaeoseismological tool should provide rich information that may complement surface observations and help to document the past earthquakes on faults

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Section: N T E R P R E Tat I O N a N D Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding the buried record of past earthquakes with GPR-based palaeoseismology: a case study on the Hope fault, New Zealand

Beauprêtre¹,

Garambois²,

Manighetti³

et al. 2012

Geophysical Journal International

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“…The uncertainty of the piercing point is the standard deviation of all resulting random piercing points. The mean offset values of the two margins and the thalweg and finally, the slip rate of the SAMF, were calculated using the Zechar and Frankel (2009) functions.…”

Section: Slip Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Refining seismic parameters in low seismicity areas by 3D trenching: The Alhama de Murcia fault, SE Iberia

et al. 2016

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Three-dimensional paleoseismology in strike-slip faults with slip rates less than 1 mm per year involves a great methodological challenge. We adapted 3D trenching to track buried channels offset by the Alhama de Murcia seismogenic left-lateral strike-slip fault (SE Iberia). A fault net slip of 0.9 ± 0.1 mm/yr was determined using statistical analysis of piercing lines for one buried channel, whose age is constrained between 15.2 ± 1.1 ka and 21.9-22.3 cal BP. This value is larger and more accurate than the previously published slip rates for this fault. The minimum number of five paleo-earthquakes identified since the deposition of dated layers suggests a maximum average recurrence interval of approximately 5 ka. The combination of both seismic parameters yields a maximum slip per event between 5.3 and 6.3 m. We show that accurately planned trenching strategies and data processing may be key to obtaining robust paleoseismic parameters in low seismicity areas.

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“…We use the probabilistic approach of Zechar and Frankel (2009) to calculate rates of extension by combining our results from TCN dating and the two horizontal displacement (extension) distances calculated using dip angles of 40° and 60°. The results of these calculations are reported in Table 4 and extension rate PDFs on December 20, 2010 geosphere.gsapubs.org Downloaded from for each fan surface and the two dip angle scenarios are shown in Figure 15.…”

Section: Extension Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variations in extension rate on the Lone Mountain fault and strain distribution in the eastern California shear zone–Walker Lane

Hoeft

Frankel

2010

Geosphere

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The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) and Walker Lane represent an evolving segment of the Pacifi c-North America plate boundary in the western United States. Understanding temporal variations in strain accumulation and release along plate boundary structures is critical to assessing how deformation is accommodated throughout the lithosphere. Late Pleistocene displacement along the Lone Mountain fault suggests that the Silver Peak-Lone Mountain (SPLM) extensional complex is an important structure in accommodating and transferring strain within the ECSZ and Walker Lane. Using geologic and geomorphic mapping, differential global positioning system surveys, and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) geochronology, we determined rates of extension across the Lone Mountain fault in western Nevada. The Lone Mountain fault displaces the northwestern Lone Mountain and Weepah Hills piedmonts and is the northeastern component of the SPLM extensional complex, a series of down-to-thenorthwest normal faults. We mapped seven distinct alluvial fan deposits and dated three of the surfaces using 10 Be TCN geochronology, yielding ages of 16.5 ± 1.2 ka, 92 ± 9 ka, and 137 ± 25 ka for the Q3b, Q2c, and Q2b deposits, respectively. The ages were combined with scarp profi le measurements across the displaced fans to obtain minimum rates of extension; the Q2b and Q2c surfaces yield an extension rate between 0.1 ± 0.1 and 0.2 ± 01 mm/yr and the Q3b surface yields a rate of 0.2 ± 0.1-0.4 ± 0.1 mm/yr, depending on the dip of the fault. Active extension on the Lone Mountain fault suggests that it helps partition strain off of the major strike-slip faults in the northern ECSZ and transfers deformation to the east around the Mina defl ection and northward into the Walker Lane. Combining our results with estimates from other faults accommodating dextral shear in the northern ECSZ reveals an apparent discrepancy between short-and long-term rates of strain accumulation and release. If strain rates have remained constant since the late Pleistocene, this could refl ect transient strain accumulation, similar to the Mojave segment of the ECSZ. However, our data also suggest a potential increase in strain rates between ca. 92 ka and ca. 17 ka, and possibly to present day, which may also help explain the mismatch between long-and short-term rates of deformation in the region.

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Incorporating and reporting uncertainties in fault slip rates

Cited by 95 publications

References 12 publications

Finding the buried record of past earthquakes with GPR-based palaeoseismology: a case study on the Hope fault, New Zealand

Finding the buried record of past earthquakes with GPR-based palaeoseismology: a case study on the Hope fault, New Zealand

Refining seismic parameters in low seismicity areas by 3D trenching: The Alhama de Murcia fault, SE Iberia

Temporal variations in extension rate on the Lone Mountain fault and strain distribution in the eastern California shear zone–Walker Lane

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