Incorporating Multiple Ecological Scales into the Governance of Landscape Services

Europe: the paradox of landscape change : A case-study based contribution to the understanding of landscape transitions

“…This is in line with the 'challenges ahead', identified by the International Association of Landscape Ecology, which advocates for further integrating the concept of landscape and landscape-based approaches among decision-makers in different sectoral policies (Antrop et al 2013). Olsson et al (2004) and Opdam (2014) argue that the wide ranges of spatial and temporal scales in landscape governance can only be addressed with involvement of stakeholders at different scale levels. The management of the landscape towards 1 public goods provision needs involvement at three scale levels: landscape-oriented management by the land manager (farmer, forester etc); coordination of the land manager's actions at the landscape level; and, conservation of landscape diversity as a public good at EU-level (Lefebvre et al 2014).…”

“…Key to social-ecological systems is that systems are complex and a SES is modified and adjusted by humans, to regulate its services. The SES is defined by local processes at the landscape level, and affected by biophysical and socio-economic processes at higher levels (Opdam 2014). The dynamics of a complex SES is defined by its resilience, adaptability, and the transformability of the system (Walker et al 2006).…”

“…The dynamics of such complex SES systems are defined by their resilience, adaptability and transformability (Walker et al 2006). Opdam (2014) and Cáceres et al (2015) argue that the wide ranges of spatial and temporal scales in landscape governance can only be addressed with involvement of stakeholders at different scale levels.…”

“…This process takes place at the landscape scale, yet, the system is also affected by biophysical and socioeconomic processes at higher scales (Opdam 2014). Examples are the effects of globalisation, the economy, but also public preferences which stem from the social system.…”

Integrating Spatially Explicit Representations of Landscape Perceptions into Land Change Research

“…In addition to the challenges of capturing perceptions across space, mapping approaches are also vulnerable to the pitfalls of traditional survey methods, including issues with participation rates and sampling bias [106]. The choice of spatial and temporal scale for analysis should also be given some attention [see 127,128] in relation to accuracy of mapped perception, as human perception of the landscape occurs at a particular human scale, or perceptible realm [14,22], but may still affect landscapes at multiple scales. Regional mapping generally occurs at scales that are broader than the human perceptible realm.…”