“…The intensity of the main anatase peak (101) at 2θ = 25.27 decreased considerably compared to the pure sample. The peaks at 2θ, i.e., 25.24, 39.11, 47.93, and 54.34 degrees related to lattice planes ( 101), ( 200), ( 111), (210), and (002), which are compatible with rutile phase (JCPDS 21-1276) (Abraham & Devi, 2022). From this, we can see clearly that up to the small content of Fe, the TiO2 powders exhibit an anatase phase, and a clear phase transformation from the anatase to rutile occurs as doping of Fe increases.…”