Incorporation of five common hypnotics into hair after a single dose and application to a forensic case of drug facilitated crimes

Sasaki, Koichi; Shima, Noriaki; Kamata, Toshihide; Ishikawa, Akari; Nitta, Atsushi; Wada, Misato; Nakano-Fujii, Shihoko; Kakehashi, Hidenao; Sato, Takako; Katagi, Munehiro

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110881

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The individual techniques in the investigation of drug crimes (for example, hair analysis in drug use crimes (Sasaki et al, 2021) and the stages of investigation of drug-related crimes in general (Pyrih and Chernetska, 2017) are also poorly studied).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peculiarities of the Investigation of Juvenile Drug Trafficking Offences

et al. 2022

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The objective of this study was to determine the mandatory requirements for the investigation of drug-related crimes imposed by the age category of the accused. The study involved the following methods: information analysis, systemic approach, descriptive analysis, pragmatic approach and prognosis. It was concluded that tactical techniques, stages, investigative situations in the investigation of juvenile drug-related crimes are used in the same cases and in the same order as in relation to other categories of crimes. It is indicated that the following mandatory requirements to be met during the investigation of juvenile drug-related crimes: 1) establishment of all necessary circumstances of the case of this category; 2) ensuring mandatory participation of an expert in forensic psychology at all stages of the investigation; 3) ensuring mandatory participation at all stages of the investigation of parents or other legal representatives of the minor, representatives of the Children's Service and juvenile police; 4) ensuring psychological and informational safety of the minor; 5) ensuring the most humane and tolerant attitude towards juvenile offenders.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peculiarities of the Investigation of Juvenile Drug Trafficking Offences

et al. 2022

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“…The confirmation of DFC is generally achieved by analyzing biological samples such as blood, urine and hair [4][5][6][7]. Collection of samples in such cases plays a critical role in establishing DFC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many methods for determining BDZ for forensic and clinical purposes that may be found in the literature. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in combination with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for determination of BZDs in biological samples has been frequently reported [4,5,7]. For nonbiological samples such as alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverages and cream biscuits; LLE has been used as a sample preparation for their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a naturally occurring component of plant cell walls, cellulose, which has the chemical formula (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n, is regarded as the most prevalent naturally occurring biopolymer. Cellulose is a long chain polysaccharide formed by joining multiple β-D-glucopyranose units together via β- (1,4)-glycosidic linkages at various degrees of polymerization ranging from hundreds to thousands. Owing to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, increased availability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness; cellulose is gaining popularity as a natural sorbent for analytical extractions [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellulose Paper Sorptive Extraction (CPSE) Combined with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for Facile Determination of Lorazepam Residues in Food Samples Involved in Drug Facilitated Crimes

Jain

Kabir

et al. 2023

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Reports related to incidences of drug facilitated crimes (DFCs) have notably increased in recently. In such cases, victims report being assaulted or robbed while under the influence of drugs. Lorazepam (LZ) is frequently used in DFCs as it can easily make victims docile owing to its potent numbing effect. Therefore, a straightforward and green analytical method to analyze LZ in spiked food matrices in connection with criminal acts becomes important. The current study reports a simple, green, and high sample throughput analytical method for determining LZ in food and drink matrices commonly encountered in DFCs, based on recently introduced cellulose paper sorptive extraction (CPSE). For the extraction of LZ from food matrices, pristine cellulose paper (CP, commonly used laboratory filter paper) was used as a sorptive medium. Five pieces of CP (1.5″ × 1.5″ each) were dipped into diluted food matrices (cream biscuits and tea) and stirred on a rotary shaker for 30 min at 200 rpm. The CPs were then dried, and the adsorbed LZ was back-extracted into 2 mL of methanol. The extract was then subjected to GC–MS analysis in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Several parameters, including CP size and number, back-extraction solvent type and volume, sample volume, extraction time and stirring speed, pH, ionic strength, elution time and speed, were thoroughly screened and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method was found to be linear in the range of 0.2–10 µg·mL−1 (or µg·g−1) with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.996–0.998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for cream biscuits were 0.054 and 0.18 µg·g−1 whereas they were 0.05 and 0.16 µg·mL−1 for tea samples. For all measurements, the relative standard deviations (%RSD) were always below 10%. Two mL of methanol per sample was used during the entire sample preparation process. The greenness of the proposed procedure was evaluated using Analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI greenness assessment tools. Finally, the CPSE–GC–MS method has been applied for the determination of LZ in forensic food samples which were used in DFCs.

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“…For instance, the elimination half-life of nimetazepam is approximately 14-30 h, while the half-life of ketamine is 2-3 h. The elimination half-life of xylazine is estimated to be approximately 2-3 h in rats, and could be the same in the human body. Hair has also been suggested as an alternative sample to detect the presence of spike drugs and prove the occurrence of DFCs [23]; however, the interpretation of hair analyses might be affected by inter-individual variances, varied hair growth rate, and uncertainty over the mechanism of drug entry into the hair [24]. Therefore, drug-spiked beverages recoverable from DFCs could serve as valuable evidence to establish links in a case [25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐gas chromatography (VADLLME‐GC) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug‐spiked beverages appearing in liquid, droplet, and dry forms

Teoh

Sadiq

Saisahas

et al. 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Presently, investigations of drug‐facilitated crimes (DFCs) rely on the detection of substances extracted from biological samples following intake by the victim. However, such detection requires rapid sampling and analysis prior to metabolism and elimination of the drugs from the body. In cases of suspected DFCs, drug‐spiked beverage samples, whether in liquid, droplet, or even dried form, can be tested for the presence of spike drugs and used as evidence for the occurrence of DFCs. This study aimed to quantitatively determine three sedative‐hypnotics (ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine) from drug‐spiked beverages using a vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐gas chromatography (VADLLME‐GC) approach. In this study, a GC method was first developed and validated, followed by the optimization of the VADLLME protocol, which was then applied to quantify the target substances in simulated forensic case scenarios. The developed GC method was selective, sensitive (limit of detection: 0.08 μg/ml [ketamine]; 0.16 μg/ml [nimetazepam]; 0.08 μg/ml [xylazine]), linear (R2 > 0.99), precise (%RSD <7.2%), and accurate (% recovery: 92.8%–103.5%). Higher recoveries were achieved for the three drugs from beverage samples in liquid form (51%–97%) as compared to droplet (48%–96%) and dried (44%–93%) residues. The recovery was not hindered by very low volumes of spiked beverage and dried residues. In conclusion, the developed VADLLME‐GC method successfully recovered ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from spiked beverages that are likely to be encountered during forensic investigation of DFCs.

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Incorporation of five common hypnotics into hair after a single dose and application to a forensic case of drug facilitated crimes

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Peculiarities of the Investigation of Juvenile Drug Trafficking Offences

Peculiarities of the Investigation of Juvenile Drug Trafficking Offences

Cellulose Paper Sorptive Extraction (CPSE) Combined with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for Facile Determination of Lorazepam Residues in Food Samples Involved in Drug Facilitated Crimes

Vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐gas chromatography (VADLLME‐GC) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug‐spiked beverages appearing in liquid, droplet, and dry forms

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