Incorporation of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Egg shell Powder as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Sustainable Foamed Concrete

Abstract

The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) during the production of cement and the increase in waste generation has allowed the construction to focus on sustainability by replacing cement with agricultural waste resources such as Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Eggshell Powder (ESP). This experimental study focuses on developing sustainable foamed concrete incorporating high content of POFA and ESP as cement replacement with the aim of cement conversion, reduction in natural resources depletion, reduction of CO2 emissions and cleaner production. Cement was replaced using 30 and 35% POFA and 5 to 15% ESP by weight of cement. It was observed that the flowability decreased with the increase in the content of POFA and ESP; this is due to their ability to absorb water. It was also observed that 40% cement replacement achieved satisfactory compressive strength while the tensile stress loss was significant. This study confirmed that recycling and reusing of POFA and ESP are possible in foamed concrete which could be used for non-structural applications.

Preliminary Investigation of Thermal Behavior of Lightweight Foamed Concrete Incorporating Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Eggshell Powder

“…Additional Ca(OH) 2 added with POFA during concrete manufacturing can increase POFA content. This theory is confirmed as ESP has additional CaO that POFA can absorb during the pozzolanic reaction and increase concrete POFA material [24]. The combined usage of POFA and ESP not only increases the POFA content that can be included in Fig.…”

“…Though increased replacement progressively decreases the compressive strength. The strength gain is attributed to increased pozzolanic activity [24].…”

“…The combined usage of POFA and ESP not only increases the POFA content that can be included in Fig. 6 Compressive strength of lightweight sustainable foamed concrete w.r.t control (S0) sample [24] |177 concrete but also increased the cement replacement content as 5-10 % ESP can also be used along with increased POFA content as cement substitute material, making a total of 40 % cement substitution without compromising the strength of concrete. The pattern found in this experimental study parallels previous studies [36,37].…”

“…Three (03) cube samples of 0.1 m dimension were prepared for each mix to be tested for compressive strength in accordance to BS EN 12390-3:2019 [33] at 7-and 28-days air curing, while three (03) cylindrical specimens of 200 mm × 100 mm were prepared for splitting tensile strength in accordance to BS EN 12390-6:2009 [34]. The mechanical properties have been published by the authors separately [24]; however, they are cited in this article for clarification of the thermal behavior of lightweight foamed concrete and discussed under mechanical properties section.…”

Thermomechanical evaluation of sustainable foamed concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash and eggshell powder

“…The SSA of POFA (4532 cm 2 /g) was almost identical to OPC (4870 cm 2 /g); however, for ESP, the SSA was much higher (9740 cm 2 /g). The high SSA of ESP can be attributed to the open porosity of the ground ESP (Jhatial et al, 2020e). The SSA measurements include not only the external, but also the open internal SSA of the particles.…”