Incorporation of Point Defects into Self‐Assembled Three‐Dimensional Colloidal Crystals

Yan, Qingfeng; Chen, Ao; Chua, Soo Jin; Xin, Zhao

doi:10.1002/adma.200501065

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…[110] Nanoimprint lithography was used to introduce a plane of point defects between two colloidal multilayers. [111] Alignment of defects with the CC lattice was not possible and multiple additional processing steps were required to embed the layer of defects; however, since nanoimprint lithography is a parallel, less time-consuming process than e-beam lithography, it may still find application. It will be interesting to compare the optical properties of a 2D embedded layer of extrinsic point defects with those from randomly three-dimensionally distributed intrinsic point defects introduced via substitutional doping (see previous section).…”

Section: D Embedded Defects Via Multistep Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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Section: D Embedded Defects Via Multistep Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[111][112][113][114] A similar approach to define embedded linear extrinsic defects is to use conventional photolithography to pattern a photoresist deposited on a CC (Fig. 12).…”

Section: D Embedded Defects Via Multistep Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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“…[86] For point and line defects, however, optical characterization data are scarce. [63][64][65]69,[93][94][95][96][97] It seems that structural perfection needs to be improved further to fulfill the technological requirements. The presence of unwanted intrinsic defects such as cracks, vacancies, dislocations, and grain boundaries in colloidal crystals degrades the optical quality of a colloidal crystal template, thus largely eliminating the PBG behavior of the resultant 3D PhC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[97] The fabrication method includes the self assembly of colloidal spheres, nanoimprint lithography, template-directed self assembly, and sequential growth of colloidal crystals (Fig. 14a).…”

Section: Point-defect Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Defect Engineering in Three‐Dimensional Colloidal Photonic Crystals

Yan

Wang

Xin

2007

Adv Funct Materials

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Artificial defect engineering in 3D colloidal photonic crystals is of paramount importance in terms of device applications. Over the past few years, we have carried out a great deal of research on introducing artificial defects, including point, line, and planar defects, in 3D colloidal photonic crystals by using “bottom‐up” self‐assembly in combination with “top‐down” micromachining techniques. In this Feature Article, we summarize our research results regarding the engineering of artificial defects in self‐assembled 3D photonic crystals, along with other important research breakthroughs in the literature. The significant advancements in the engineering of defects as reviewed here together with the encouraging reports on the fabrication of perfect colloidal crystals without unwanted defects will collectively lead to technological applications of self‐assembled 3D photonic crystals in the near future.

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“…Introduction of designed defect structures by low-cost and large-scale bottom-up self-assembly in 3D photonic crystals is only a recent development. The generation of advanced defects in CPCs is a complex matter, but great progress has been gained in the development of novel processes for the incorporation of point, [11,12] linear, [13][14][15][16][17] planar, [18][19][20][21][22] and 3D defects [23][24][25][26][27][28] during the last five years. Thus, large scale organization of monodisperse colloids can be combined with controlled defect generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Opals from Reactive Polymers: Complex Structures, Sensors, and Modified Photoluminescence

Fleischhaker¹,

Lange²,

Zentel³

2007

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary: This paper describes the synthesis and properties of functional opal structures, so-called colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs), from a variety of reactive polymers. Photoprocessable opals are presented as well as opals with incorporated ''smart'' defect layers that can be actively addressed by external stimuli. In addition, opals with functional bio-macromolecular defects have been developed. They present a new class of materials for optical biomonitoring through shifts of the induced photonic defect mode. Strong modification of photoluminescence according to the photonic bandstructure is observed from opals with embedded exclusively luminescent defect layer.

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Incorporation of Point Defects into Self‐Assembled Three‐Dimensional Colloidal Crystals

Cited by 48 publications

References 39 publications

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Artificial Defect Engineering in Three‐Dimensional Colloidal Photonic Crystals

Functional Opals from Reactive Polymers: Complex Structures, Sensors, and Modified Photoluminescence

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