Incorporation of Radioactivity of D-Glucosamine-1-C14, D-Glucose-1-C14, D-Galactose-1-C14, and DL-Serine-3-C14 into Rat Brain Glycolipids*

Burton, Robert M.; Garcia‐Buñuel, Luis; Golden, Michael P.; Balfour, Yvonna McBride

doi:10.1021/bi00903a034

Cited by 97 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Particulate preparations from rat kidney transfer sialic acid from eMP-sialic acid to an amino glycolipid acceptor (42). CelI free preparations from rat brain, fortified with ATP, incorporate D-glucose into gangliosides (43); the synthesis of gangliosides in vivo has also been studied (44). Reports have appeared on the incorporation of D-mannose from GDP'D-mannose into a mannosyl-mannosyl (1-ta) diglyceride catalyzed by a preparation from Micrococcus lysodeikticus (45), and on the incorporation of D�galactose from UDP-D-glactose into galactolipids, presumably galactosyl diglycerides, catalyzed by spinach chloroplasts (46).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Complex Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Neufeld¹,

Ginsburg²

1965

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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This review covers recent advances in some fields of current interest, with emphasis on biosynthesis and metabolic controls. Whole areas of research, including transport, transformations of sugars not linked to nuc1eotides, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the degradation of saccharides other than glycogen have been regretfully omitted. SUGAR NUCLEOTIDESIsolation.-The list of sugar nucleotides isolated from natural sources continues to grow. GDP-D-mannuronic acid has been isolated from brown algae (1), CDP-paratose from Salmonella paratyphi A (2), ADP-mannose, ADP-galactose and ADP-N -acetylglucosamine from corn grain (3); and from Azotobacter vinelandii, strain 0, two unusual CDP-linked sugars (a 2-0-methyl-deoxyaldose and a carboxylic acid ester thereof) have been isolated (4). While GDP-D-mannuronic acid and CDP-paratose presumably are intermediates in the synthesis of alginic acid and lipopolysaccharide, respec tively, possible functions of the remaining sugar nucleotides are not so obvious.Phosphorylases.-An enzyme from wheat germ catalyzes the phosphoroly sis of ADP-D-glucose to form ADP and a-D-glucose 1-phosphate (5). Inor ganic phosphate is incorporated into the terminal position of ADP. The reaction, which has not been reversed, goes equally well with ADP-D mannose, more slowly with other ADP sugars, and not at all with some nucleotides including UPD-D-glucose, GDP-D-mannose, and NAD. Another example of this type of reaction is the phosphorolysis of GDP-D-mannose catalyzed by extracts of yeast (6). The significance of these pathways is unknown, but possibly they serve to prevent excessive accumulation of sugar nucleotides. Interestingly, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate can also un dergo phosphorolysis (6a).Pyrophosphorylases.-dTDP-D-galactose pyrophosphorylase activity has been separated from UDP-D-galactose pyrophosphorylase activity in prepa rations from mung bean seedlings (7) and Streptococcus faecalis grown on D-gaiactose (8). CDP-n-glucose pyrophosphorylase (9) and dTDP-n-glucose 1 The survey of literature pertaining to this review was concluded in August 1964. 2 The following abbreviations will be used in the text: ADP, CDP, GDP, IDP, dTDP, and UDP (the diphosphates of adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, ino sine, de oxythymidine, and uridine, respectively); NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); and NADH (its reduced form). 297Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1965.34:297-312. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 02/06/15. For personal use only.Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS

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Section: Synthesis Of Complex Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Neufeld¹,

Ginsburg²

1965

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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“…The specific radioactivity of the microsomal cerebrosides reached a maximum 4h after the injection and then rapidly declined, whereas the specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides reached a maximum 2-3 days after the injection and then declined with time. It has been shown (Burton et al, 1963;Norton & Poduslo, 1973), that in the developing rat brain the maximum rate of synthesis of cerebrosides and deposition of myelin cerebrosides takes place when the rats are 15-30 days old. Thereafter the deposition of cerebrosides continues throughout maturity but at a lower rate.…”

Section: Incorporation Ofradioactivity From [(4cjserine In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain

Hayes

Jungalwala

1976

Biochemical Journal

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The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.

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“…It is known that cytidine nucleotide derivatives are required as cofactors in the biosynthesis of glycerophosphatides, sphingolipids, and glycoproteins (Kennedy and Weiss, 1956;Kiyasu and Kennedy, 1960;Sribney and Kennedy, 1958;Jourdian et al, 1963). However, lipid formation in rat brain proceeds with maximum intensity during the second and third week after birth and is very slow, if it occurs at all, in animals below the age of 6 days (Balazs et al, 1971;Burton, Garcia-Bunuel, Golden, and Balfour, 1963;Burton, Sodd, and Brady, 1958;Freysz, Nussbaum, Bieth, and Mandel, 1963;Maker and Hauser, 1967;McMurray, 1964). In our experiments it was found that at least in the hemispheres, CTP synthetase content on the 15th day is definitely lower than on the 5th day ( Figs.…”

Section: Isc Uss I0 Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of CTP synthetase activity during postnatal rat brain development

Mandel

1976

J of Neuroscience Research

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The activity of CTP synthetase (UTP: ammonia ligase (ADP, EC. 6.3.4.2.) was determined in rat cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum during postnatal development. It was found that enzyme activity, when expressed per unit of protein or wet tissue weight, in both parts of the brain decreased with age, the diminution proceeding more rapidly in the cerebellum than in the hemispheres. When CTP synthetase was expressed on the basis of DNA an activity peak in the hemispheres with a maximum on the 5th day after birth was observed. The enzyme content per cell was several times lower in the cerebellum than in the hemispheres at each age studied, with the exception of 1-day-old animals, in which both tissues displayed similar activity. The results obtained were compared with literature data for the intensity of RNA synthesis in the developing brain. The conclusion was reached that the changes of CTP synthetase activity were closely related to the RNA metabolism. Therefore the enzyme under study may be one of the factors involved in cell control of RNA synthesis.

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Incorporation of Radioactivity of D-Glucosamine-1-C¹⁴, D-Glucose-1-C¹⁴, D-Galactose-1-C¹⁴, and DL-Serine-3-C¹⁴ into Rat Brain Glycolipids^*

Cited by 97 publications

References 20 publications

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain

Changes of CTP synthetase activity during postnatal rat brain development

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