Increased accumulation and decreased catabolism of anthocyanins in red grape cell suspension culture following magnesium treatment

Abstract

Anthocyanins are the largest and best studied group of plant pigments. However, not very much is known about the fate of these phenolic pigments after they have accumulated in the cell vacuoles of plant tissues. We have previously shown that magnesium treatment of ornamentals during the synthesis of anthocyanins in the flowers or foliage caused an increase in the pigment concentration. In this study, we characterized the effect of magnesium on the accumulation of anthocyanin in red cell suspension originating from Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red grapes. Magnesium treatment of the cells caused a 2.5- to 4.5-fold increase in anthocyanin concentration, with no substantial induction of the biosynthetic genes. This treatment inhibited the degradation of anthocyanins occurring in the cells, and changed the ratio between different anthocyanins determining cell color, with an increase in the relative concentration of the less stable pigment molecules. The process by which magnesium treatment affects anthocyanin accumulation is still not clear. However, the results presented suggest at least part of its effect on anthocyanin accumulation stems from inhibition of the pigments' catabolism. When anthocyanin biosynthesis was inhibited, magnesium treatments prevented the constant degradation of anthocyanins in the cell suspension. Future understanding of the catabolic processes undergone by anthocyanins in plants may enable more efficient inhibition of this process and increased accumulation of these pigments, and possibly of additional phenolic compounds.

Exploring plant tissue culture to improve the production of phenolic compounds: A review

“…Similar results were found in cell culture of Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red, where the application of magnesium to the culture increased four times more the anthocyanin accumulation (Sinilal et al, 2011). Different light intensities have also been used to 24 induce physical elicitation.…”

Brassinosteroids Regulate Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in the Ripening of Grape Berries

“…Primer pairs for Q-PCR were designed based on the coding sequences available in NCBI, and some were retrieved from the literature. Primer pairs for CHS, F3´H, F3´5´H, DFR and LDOX were from Sinilal et al (2011); primers for F3H were from Castellarin et al (2007a); for UFGT were from Goto-Yamamoto et al (2002); and for MYBA1 were from Jeong et al (2004). Primers for CHI and MYBA2 were newly designed to amplify 100 to 200 bp gene fragments (Table 1).…”

MdWRKY40 promotes wounding‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in association with MdMYB1 and undergoes MdBT2‐mediated degradation

“…During the past few years, the underlying mechanisms of environmental stress-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis have been appealing (Jaakola, 2013). The evidence suggests that many environmental factors including nutrient deficiency (nitrogen (N), phosphorus, sugars, magnesium and CaCl 2 ) (Schaberg et al, 2003;Kadir, 2005;Jiang C. et al, 2007;Rubin et al, 2009;Sinilal et al, 2011), UV-B irradiation (Guo et al, 2008;Bai et al, 2014), low temperature (Ubi et al, 2006;Xie et al, 2012) and wounding stress (Saltveit, 2000;Reyes & Cisneros-Zevallos, 2003;Gan et al, 2014) affect anthocyanin biosynthesis. As studies become progressively more focused on environmental stressmediated anthocyanin biosynthesis, the regulatory mechanisms gradually are being revealed.…”