Increased attention to the irrelevant dimension increases interference in a spatial Stroop task.

Walley, Roc E.; McLeod, Barbara E.; Weiden, Theodore D.

doi:10.1037/1196-1961.48.4.467

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The error bars indicate the standard errors of the participant means movement finish times in our experiment. For instance, researchers in several studies (Banich et al 2000;Seymour, 1973;Walley, McLeod, & Weiden, 1994) had their participants say their responses out loud and found smaller congruency effects of between 15 and 45 ms (with response times in the range of 600 to 900 ms). However, exact comparisons are difficult since some studies used more than two spatial words.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response trajectories reveal conflict phase in image–word mismatch

Vugt

Cavanagh

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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. In several recent studies, researchers have analyzed the trajectory of a participant's response when selecting the answer with the touch of a finger (Boulenger et al., 2006;Finkbeiner, Song, Nakayama, & Caramazza, 2008;Schmidt & Seydell, 2008;Song & Nakayama, 2008a, 2008b, a saccade (Smit & Gisbergen, 1990) or a computer mouse (Freeman & Ambady, 2009;Spivey, Grosjean & Knoblich, 2005). The response choices are presented at different locations in space so that an in-flight deviation toward the competing, incorrect answer can be revealed.We studied a processing conflict involving spatial propositions in which a marker was placed above or below the word ABOVE or BELOW, and in which the participant reported the location of the marker relative to the word, ignoring the meaning of the latter. A very similar task was originally studied by Palef and Olson (1975), who found no significant difference between the reaction times in the congruent and incongruent conditions. Logan and Zbrodoff (1979) also did not find a significant difference in their similar "spatial task." Recently, the same task has been used in fMRI studies (Banich et al., 2000) and ERP studies (Stern & Mangels, 2006), revealing only marginal effects in reaction times. Therefore, in order to accentuate the conflict between spatial position and word meaning, we intermixed this location task with a second task-a word task-in which the participant had to respond to the word meaning ABOVE or BELOW, ignoring its position relative to the marker. The type of trial was indicated by nature of the marker: X for a location trial but O for a word trial (Fig. 1). This procedure, inspired by Harvey (1984), made word meaning relevant on some trials, increasing the probability of its processing even when it was to be ignored.Using this interleaved task, we found clear evidence of a conflict period in which the incongruity between the word and its location either delayed the start of the trajectory to the correct answer or interrupted it. The response trajectory measure yields insights into the processing stages of decision making (e.g., see Resulaj, Kiani, Wolpert & Shadlen, 2009) and offers measures of processing times for location and word meaning. To examine the timing of the conflict, we varied the SOA of the word and the location marker (Glaser & Glaser, 1982); the marker also indicated the type of task (for a similar approach, see the speed-accuracy trade-off method of McElree & Griffith, 1995). Crucially, the word always appeared before (or simultaneously with) the marker that indicated the type of task.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response trajectories reveal conflict phase in image–word mismatch

Vugt

Cavanagh

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Finally, because inter-stimulus intervals were longer on pure than mixed blocks (3500 and 1500 ms, respectively, all words displayed for 500 ms), some questions remain as to whether differences between block types may be due to block content, ISI differences, or both. It is known that shorter ISIs on classic Stroop tasks can increase a focus on the irrelevant dimension, while longer ISIs can eventually eliminate the classic Stroop effect altogether [ 55 ]. Hence, one might expect that if ISI played a role in results, the (longer ISI) pure blocks may have shown reduced interference, or the (faster ISI) mixed blocks may have shown increased interference effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of emotional stimuli: age differences on pure and mixed blocks of the emotional Stroop

Ashley

Swick

2009

Behav Brain Funct

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BackgroundStudies of aging and emotion suggest that older adults show diminished responsiveness to negative information, possibly resulting from increased emotion regulation, but the mechanisms accounting for this effect are uncertain.MethodsTo examine whether aging affects the allocation of attention to negative stimuli, we compared 20 younger and 20 older adults on 2 versions of the emotional Stroop task: "pure blocks," in which all words in each block were either emotional or neutral, and "mixed blocks," a pseudorandomized design in which either a negative emotional or a neutral category word was always followed by six neutral words. The emotional Stroop task typically elicits slower reaction times for naming the font color of negative emotional words compared to neutral, but no studies have examined the effects of aging on the immediate and sustained components of the emotional Stroop effect.ResultsBoth groups showed an emotional Stroop effect on pure blocks manifest as slower RTs on the emotional, relative to the neutral, block. However, only younger adults showed persistent slowing that carried over from emotional words onto subsequent neutral words in mixed blocks.ConclusionThese results suggest that the consequences of emotional stimuli may differ with age. Younger and older adults showed equivalent interference from the emotional words themselves, but older adults did not show a sustained effect of negative information.

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“…This approach suggests that the spatial location of an object is automatically coded, as it usually has an influence on performance even when the location is completely irrelevant for the task. Two well-known spatial congruency paradigms are the Simon effect and the spatial Stroop effect (Lu & Proctor, 1994;O'Leary & Barber, 1993;Walley, McLeod, & Weiden, 1994; see Lu & Proctor, 1995, for a review).…”

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confidence: 99%

Modulation of spatial Stroop by object-based attention but not by space-based attention

Luo

Lupiáñez

Funes

et al. 2010

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Earlier studies have shown that the spatial Stroop effect systematically decreases when a peripheral precue is presented at the same location as the target, compared to an uncued location condition. In this study, two experiments were conducted to explore whether the cueing modulation of spatial Stroop is object based and/or space based. In Experiment 1, we found evidence favouring the view that the cueing modulation of the spatial Stroop effect is entirely object based, as no differences were found in conflict reduction for the same-location and same-object conditions. In Experiment 2, the cue was predictive, and a similar object-based modulation of spatial Stroop was still observed. However, the direction of such modulation was affected by the rectangles' orientation. Overall, the pattern of results obtained favours the object-integration (Lupiáñez & Milliken, 1999; Lupiáñez, Milliken, Solano, Weaver, & Tipper, 2001) and referential-coding accounts (Danziger, Kingstone, & Ward, 2001) and seems to provide evidence against the attention-shift account (Rubichi, Nicoletti, Iani, & Umilta, 1997; Stoffer, 1991).

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Increased attention to the irrelevant dimension increases interference in a spatial Stroop task.

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Response trajectories reveal conflict phase in image–word mismatch

Response trajectories reveal conflict phase in image–word mismatch

Consequences of emotional stimuli: age differences on pure and mixed blocks of the emotional Stroop

Modulation of spatial Stroop by object-based attention but not by space-based attention

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