Increased brain uptake and CSF clearance of 14C-glutamate in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Al‐Sarraf, Hameed; Philip, Leeba

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.034

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Presumably, increases in BBB permeability would permit increased entry of all molecules from the plasma, including molecules such as GLU. However, most studies that have specifically examined GLU transport (penetration) into the brain, deal with aging, in which GLU transport appears to be not different in adult and aged animals (Shah and Mooradian, 1997), and with hypertension, in which GLU uptake into brain may be increased (Tang et al, 1993;Al-Sarraf and Philip, 2003).…”

Section: Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update

et al. 2006

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Objective: Update of the Hohenheim consensus on monosodium glutamate from 1997: Summary and evaluation of recent knowledge with respect to physiology and safety of monosodium glutamate. Design: Experts from a range of relevant disciplines received and considered a series of questions related to aspects of the topic. Setting: University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. Method: The experts met and discussed the questions and arrived at a consensus. Conclusion: Total intake of glutamate from food in European countries is generally stable and ranged from 5 to 12 g/day (free: ca. 1 g, protein-bound: ca. 10 g, added as flavor: ca. 0.4 g). L-Glutamate (GLU) from all sources is mainly used as energy fuel in enterocytes. A maximum intake of 16.000 mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. The general use of glutamate salts (monosodium-L-glutamate and others) as food additive can, thus, be regarded as harmless for the whole population. Even in unphysiologically high doses GLU will not trespass into fetal circulation. Further research work should, however, be done concerning the effects of high doses of a bolus supply at presence of an impaired blood brain barrier function. In situations with decreased appetite (e.g., elderly persons) palatability can be improved by low dose use of monosodium-L-glutamate.

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Section: Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[24][25][26][27] All these BP-related cerebral changes promote neuronal death and microglial and macrophage formation that may contribute to brain volume reduction. [24][25][26][27] The specificity of BP-related focal volume reduction to the frontal cortex observed in the current study may be related to ischemic effects that are supplied by the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. [25][26][27] Similarly, preferential BP-related left focal volume reduction suggests an asymmetry in the organization of the autonomic nervous system of the vessels with a greater sensitivity of the left hemisphere compared with the right one.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[25][26][27] Similarly, preferential BP-related left focal volume reduction suggests an asymmetry in the organization of the autonomic nervous system of the vessels with a greater sensitivity of the left hemisphere compared with the right one. Indeed, it was reported previously that SBP tended to be higher and less stable in patients with acute ischemic stroke localized in the left hemisphere compared with the right one.…”

Section: Celle Et Al Blood Pressure and Brain Volume Reduction 1329mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[24][25][26][27] All these BP-related cerebral changes promote neuronal death and microglial and macrophage formation that may contribute to brain volume reduction.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Association Between Ambulatory 24-Hour Blood Pressure Levels and Brain Volume Reduction

et al. 2012

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Abstract-Previous literature has shown mixed results regarding the association between blood pressure levels and brain volume reduction. The objectives of this study were to determine whether high blood pressure levels were associated with focal brain volume reduction and whether high blood pressure-related focal brain volume reduction was associated with a decline in executive function performance. On the basis of a cross-sectional design, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements, as well as brain morphology from 3-dimensional magnetic resonance images, were assessed among 183 participants (mean, 65±0.6 years; 62.4% women). Average levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as well as dip, pulse pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure, were used as outcomes. Cortical gray and white matter volumes were determined by automatic calculation using Statistical Parametric Mapping segmentation. Folstein's MiniMental State Examination, digit span, part B of Trail Making, and Stroop tests were used to assess executive function performance. Sex, use of antihypertensive drugs, duration of hypertension, leukoaraiosis, body mass index, education level, and total brain matter volume were used as potential confounders. A significant blood pressure-related decrease in gray matter volume of the left supplementary motor areas (Brodmann area 6) and of the left superior and middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 8) was shown. No significant decrease was found with white matter volume. Blood pressurerelated decreases in gray matter volume were significantly associated with a decline in executive function performance. The association of high blood pressure with brain volume reduction may in part explain blood pressure-related cognitive decline leading to dementia. We had the opportunity to examine the association between 24-hour BP measurements and gray and white matter volumes in a large representative community survey of older adults, the PROgnostic indicator OF cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (PROOF) study. 17 We reported previously that high mean BP levels were associated with a decline in memory performance related to attention disorders, involving the frontal lobe among the participants of the PROOF study.13 Thus, we hypothesized that high mean BP levels could be associated with focal frontal lobe volume reduction and that high BP-related focal frontal volume reduction could be associated with a decline in EF performance. The purposes of this crosssectional study were to determine at the baseline assessment of the PROOF study whether high BP levels were associated with focal brain volume reduction and whether any significant high BP-related focal brain volume reduction was associated with a decline in ESDs performance. Methods Brain Imaging and Neuropsychological AssessmentA total of 183 participants from the PROOF study 17 were included in the current study (see online-only Data Supplement for description of participant's selection). All participants had 3D T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 1....

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