Increased Cardiometabolic Risk in Healthy Young Adults With Early Life Stress

Abstract

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between early life stress (ELS) and metabolic risk in healthy young adults and assess the role of health behaviors. METHODS Young adults aged 18-40 (N = 190) with no medical conditions or medication usage were recruited from the community. Participants with ELS (N = 113) had a history of childhood maltreatment and most also experienced parental loss (n = 88). Controls (N = 77) had no history of maltreatment or parental loss. Standardized interviews and self-reports assessed demographics, adversity, medical/psychiatric history, and health behaviors. Blood pressure and anthropometrics were measured, and fasting plasma assayed for lipid profiles, glucose, insulin level and hemoglobin A1c. We calculated both a clinical cut-point and continuous composite metabolic risk score based on clinical risk factors and the mean of z-scores of each measure respectively. RESULTS ELS was significantly associated with increased clinical cut-point (β = .68, 95% CI .20 to 1.17, p = .006) and continuous (β = .23, 95% CI .08 to .038, p = .003) composite metabolic risk scores. On sensitivity analysis, the association of ELS with the continuous composite metabolic risk score was reduced to a trend after adjusting for a range of psychosocial and health predictors (β = .18, 95% CI .00 to .36, p = .053), with both diet and college graduate status significant in the model. CONCLUSIONS Healthy young adults with a history of ELS have increased metabolic risk scores as compared to controls. This relationship may be partially due to health behaviors and socioeconomic factors. These findings underline that ELS is an early contributor to metabolic risk.