Increased CO<sub>2</sub> outgassing in February‐May 2010 in the tropical Atlantic following the 2009 Pacific El Niño

Lefèvre, Nathalie; Caniaux, Guy; Janicot, Serge; Gueye, Abdou Karim

doi:10.1002/jgrc.20107

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Our diagnostics agree well with previous studies mentioning the existence of such SST anomalies during these 2 years (e.g., Ibánhez et al, ; Lefèvre et al, ; Marengo & Bernasconi, ; Marengo et al, ; Wang & Hu, ). These anomalies are present in all boxes but higher in the northern boxes (1 and 2) and the southern box (4).…”

Section: Mean Mld Heat Budget In Wtasupporting

confidence: 93%

Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012)

et al. 2018

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Oceanic and atmospheric processes were investigated in order to explore the causes of seasonal and interannual variability of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the western tropical Atlantic (WTA; 20°S–20°N, 15°W–60°W). A mixed‐layer (ML) heat budget was performed by using Argo profiles and supplementary data sets based on satellite and atmospheric products during the period 2007–2012. The WTA is divided into four boxes which represent the main temporal and spatial heterogeneities of this region. An analysis of error of each term pointed out that the mean net surface heat fluxes are systematically underestimated by 20 W m−2. A correction of this term provides realistic estimates of the vertical mixing which was obtained as residual term. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that surface flux is the most important process that governs the seasonal cycle of the heat content. Changes in shortwave radiation and latent heat fluxes dictate the oceanic response to the meridional migration of the ITCZ. Along the equator, surface fluxes modulate the annual cycle of ML temperature, but are strongly balanced by horizontal advection. The entrainment term proves a small contribution to the cooling of the ML. On an interannual time scale, the strong positive (negative) SST anomalies observed in 2010 (2012) were generated during the previous winter in both years, mainly north of 10°N, during which the wind anomalies were at the origin of intense heat loss anomalies. Horizontal advection may contributes to the maintaining of these SST anomalies in the equatorial zone and south Atlantic.

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Section: Mean Mld Heat Budget In Wtasupporting

confidence: 93%

Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012)

et al. 2018

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“…In the Equatorial Pacific, the decrease fCO 2w is due to decreased upwelling of waters with high DIC. In contrast, the greater uptake in the Caribbean is antagonistic with the Western Equatorial Atlantic where outgassing is enhanced during El Niño phase of ENSO (Lefèvre et al, ). The last year of the record (2017) shows an increase in CO 2 uptake along with a decrease in the ENSO and NAO indices.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Decadal Changes in Air‐Sea CO₂ Fluxes in the Caribbean Sea

et al. 2019

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Sixteen years of surface water CO2 data from autonomous systems on cruise ships sailing in the Caribbean Sea and Western North Atlantic show marked changes on interannual timescales. The measured changes in fugacity (≈partial pressure) of CO2 in surface water, fCO2w, are based on over a million observations. Seasonally the patterns are similar to other oligotrophic subtropical regions with an amplitude of fCO2w of ≈40 μatm with low wintertime values, causing the area to be a sink, and high summertime values making it a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. On annual scales there was negligible increase of fCO2w from 2002 to 2010 and a rapid increase from 2010 to 2018. Correspondingly, the trend of air‐sea CO2 flux from 2002 to 2010 was strongly negative (increasing uptake or sink) at −0.05 ± 0.01 (mol m−2 year−1) year−1 and positive (decreasing uptake) at 0.02 ± 0.02 (mol m−2 year−1) year−1 from 2010‐2018. For the whole period from 2002 to 2018, the fCO2w lagged the atmospheric CO2 increase by 24 %, causing an increase in CO2 uptake. The average flux into the ocean for the 16 years is −0.20 ± 0.16 mol m−2 year−1 with the uncertainty reflecting the standard deviation in annual means. The change in multiannual trend in fCO2w is modulated by several factors, notably changes in sea surface temperature and ocean mixed layer depth that, in turn, affected the physical and biological processes controlling fCO2w.

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“…Future research needs to focus on ENSOrelated variability in its carbon sink potential as well as on it being a region of high phytoplankton production rates in respective upwelling areas, where large-scale impacts of ocean acidification may be measured already during an early stage (Ilyina et al, 2009). Both the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean equatorial areas can be affected by short-term climatic fluctuations Lefèvre et al, 2013) and the overall long-term effect of shifts in occurrences and patterns of these events needs attention.…”

Section: Specific Regional Foci For Ocean Carbon Cycle Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is, next to water vapour, considered to be the most important natural greenhouse gas on Earth. Rapidly rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations caused by human actions such as fossil fuel burning, land-use change or cement production over the past 250 years have given cause for concern that changes in Earth's climate system may progress at a much faster pace and larger extent than during the past 20 000 years. Investigating global carbon cycle pathways and finding suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies has, therefore, become of major concern in many research fields. The oceans have a key role in regulating atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and currently take up about 25 % of annual anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Questions that yet need to be answered are what the carbon uptake kinetics of the oceans will be in the future and how the increase in oceanic carbon inventory will affect its ecosystems and their services. This requires comprehensive investigations, including high-quality ocean carbon measurements on different spatial and temporal scales, the management of data in sophisticated databases, the application of Earth system models to provide future projections for given emission scenarios as well as a global synthesis and outreach to policy makers. In this paper, the current understanding of the ocean as an important carbon sink is reviewed with respect to these topics. Emphasis is placed on the complex interplay of different physical, chemical and biological processes that yield both positive and negative air-sea flux values for natural and anthropogenic CO 2 as well as on increased CO 2 (uptake) as the regulating force of the radiative warming of the atmosphere and the gradual acidification of the oceans. Major future ocean carbon challenges in the fields of ocean observations, modelling and process research as well as the relevance of other biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gases are discussed.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

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Increased CO₂ outgassing in February‐May 2010 in the tropical Atlantic following the 2009 Pacific El Niño

Abstract: [1] The fugacity of CO 2 (fCO 2 ) has been measured underway during the voyages of a merchant ship sailing from

Cited by 43 publications

References 46 publications

Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012)

Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012)

Large Decadal Changes in Air‐Sea CO₂ Fluxes in the Caribbean Sea

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

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Increased CO2 outgassing in February‐May 2010 in the tropical Atlantic following the 2009 Pacific El Niño

Abstract: [1] The fugacity of CO 2 (fCO 2 ) has been measured underway during the voyages of a merchant ship sailing from

Cited by 43 publications

References 46 publications

Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012)

Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012)

Large Decadal Changes in Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes in the Caribbean Sea

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

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Product

Resources

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Increased CO₂ outgassing in February‐May 2010 in the tropical Atlantic following the 2009 Pacific El Niño

Large Decadal Changes in Air‐Sea CO₂ Fluxes in the Caribbean Sea