Increased Detection of Emergent Recombinant Norovirus GII.P16-GII.2 Strains in Young Adults, Hong Kong, China, 2016–2017

Kwok, Ka‐li; Niendorf, Sandra; Lee, Nelson; Hung, T. F.; Chan, Lai-kwan; Jacobsen, Sonja; Leung, Ting Fan; Lai, Robin Kit-Ho; Chan, Paul K.S.; Chan, Martin C.W.

doi:10.3201/eid2311.170561

Cited by 40 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…New GII.4 variants have emerged, causing distinct global epidemics over the last two decades including GII.4 US 1995/96 in the mid‐1990s, GII.4 Farmington Hills in 2002, GII.4 Hunter in 2004, GII.4 Den Haag 2006b in late 2006, GII.4 New Orleans in 2009, and the current predominant GII.4 strain in circulation, GII.4 Sydney, in 2012. However, recently different genotypes (GII.17 in 2014/2015 and GII.2 in 2016‐2017) emerged in China, Japan, and South Korea and replaced GII.4 strain predominance, at least temporarily …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recently different genotypes (GII.17 in 2014/2015 and GII.2 in 2016-2017) emerged in China, Japan, and South Korea and replaced GII.4 strain predominance, at least temporarily. [6][7][8][9] Data on norovirus prevalence and the distribution of genotypes are available for many Sub-Saharan African countries such as Ghana, Tanzania, Nigeria, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Malawi, Botswana, and South Africa. 1,[10][11][12] In Cameroon, norovirus has been detected in stools of asymptomatic children and HIV-infected adults, 13,14 but there are no studies investigating norovirus infections among children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis (AGE).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Mugyia

Ndze

Akoachere

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Norovirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among children in developing countries. Limited data on the prevalence and genetic variability of norovirus are available in Cameroon, where early childhood mortality due to AGE is common. We tested 902 fecal specimens from children younger than 5 years of age hospitalized with AGE between January 2010 and December 2013. Overall, 76 (8.4%) samples tested positive for norovirus, of which 83% (63/76) were among children below 12 months old. Most of the noroviruses detected were in children infected between July and December of each year. All norovirus‐positive specimens were genotyped, with 80% (61/76) being GII.4 (three variants detected). Genotypes GI.2, GI.6, GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, GII.16, GII.17, and GII.21 were also detected. Interestingly, GII.4 Sydney and GII.17 Kawasaki viruses were found as early as 2010, years before their emergence globally. This study suggests norovirus is a significant cause of moderate to severe gastroenteritis among young children in Cameroon. The results are important to highlight appropriate prevention and control strategies for reducing the burden of norovirus disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Mugyia

Ndze

Akoachere

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Therefore, the gene has undergone few nucleotide substitutions, the capsid gene has remained unchanged, possibly because the capsid gene of GII.2 exhibits only limited antigenic evolution 24 . The GII.2[P16] strains of norovirus have been increasingly reported from Asia such as China, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand during the 2016-2017 season 18,20,25,26 . The GII.2[P16] strains have been also reported from Europe such as Germany, Italy, and France 17,20,27 .…”

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An outbreak of gastroenteritis by emerging norovirus GII.2[P16] in a kindergarten in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysian Borneo

Ahmed

Dony²,

Mori

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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outbreaks of diarrhea in kindergartens are underreported and frequently go unnoticed in developing countries. to better understand the etiology this study was performed during an outbreak of diarrhea in a kindergarten in Sabah, Malaysia. outbreak investigation was performed according to the standard procedures. In this outbreak a total of 34 (36.5%) children and 4 (30.8%) teachers suffered from gastroenteritis. Stool samples from seven children and 13 teachers were tested for rotavirus and norovirus. During the investigation stool samples were collected and sent in cold chain to the laboratory. the samples were subjected to rotavirus enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse transcription pcR for norovirus. All samples were negative for rotavirus but positive for norovirus. to determine the genogroup and genotype of norovirus, nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons was performed. All norovirus from the outbreak was of genotype GII.2[16]. To determine the relatedness of the strains phylogenetic analysis was done using neighbor-joining method. phylogenetically these strains were highly related to GII.2[P16] noroviruses from China and Japan. This study provided evidence that a diarrheal outbreak in a kindergarten was caused by GII.2[P16] norovirus which is an emerging strain in east Asia and europe.Norovirus is highly infectious and is transmitted primarily from person-to-person through the fecal-oral route within closed settings such as schools, cruise ships, hospitals, childcare facilities and aged-care institutions 1,2 . Currently this virus is divided into ten genogroups GI-GX based on the genetic differences of the capsid protein 3 . GI and GII are primarily responsible for human infection 4 . GII.4 causes most infections worldwide, followed by GII.3 or GII.6 and then other genotypes in varying proportions 5-10 . Although norovirus infection is an important cause of diarrhea in developing countries, outbreaks are under reported and frequently go unnoticed. In Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah state in Malaysia, only two diarrheal outbreaks, including this one, have been reported in kindergartens between 2014 and June 2018. However, kindergartens are vulnerable to norovirus outbreaks: in Pudong district, Shanghai, China, 29 of 60 reported norovirus outbreaks occurred in kindergartens over a period of one year 11 . Therefore, understanding the epidemic situation, relationship with other strains, evolution, genetic variants and the genotype distribution of norovirus during outbreaks is important to determine the best strains to include in future norovirus vaccines. Global surveillance data indicates that several norovirus genotypes are responsible for outbreak but majority are caused by GII.4 12,13 . Since 2002, new GII.4 variants have emerged every two to three years, resulting in epidemics and global pandemics 13 . To emerge and persist in human population norovirus generate diverse strains by point mutations and recombination 14 . However, recent outbreaks of norovirus particularly in Asia and Europe wer...

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“…Смена генотипов норовирусов, как правило, приводит к росту спорадической и групповой заболеваемости. K. Kwok et al (2017) сообщили о появлении в Гонконге (Китай) нового рекомбинантного норовируса GII.P16-GII.2. Эпидемия, вызванная GII.P16-GII.2 зимой 2016-2017 гг., по сравнению со своим предшественником GII.4, характеризовалась манифестными клиническими проявлениями и увеличением числа госпитализированных больных.…”

Section: этиологияunclassified

“…2 [6]. Установлено, что GII.P16-GII.2 претерпел изменения в зоне основного гена вирусного капсида VP1 и норовирусной 3C протеазы, которые играют важную роль в патогенезе заболевания [19].…”

Section: этиологияunclassified

Norovirus Infection (Systematic Review)

Хохлова¹,

Капустин²,

Краснова³

et al. 2018

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Резюме Доля норовирусной инфекции составляет 17-20% всех случаев острого гастроэнтерита в мире. Доминирующая II геногруппа норовирусов характеризуется быстрой изменчивостью. Новый рекомбинантный норовирус GII.P16-GII.2 вызвал резкий рост случаев гастроэнтерита в странах Азии и Европы в зимний сезон 2016-2017 гг. Эпидемиологическими особенностями норовирусной инфекции являются длительное выделение возбудителя из организма больных и вирусовыделителей, особенно у лиц с иммуносупрессией, реализация различных путей передачи (пищевого, водного, контактно-бытового, аэрозольного), высокая контагиозность, зимняя сезонность в странах северного полушария. В последние годы созданы две человеческие системы для культивирования норовирусов in vitro, установлен двойной тропизм норовирусов к иммунным клеткам и эпителиальным клеткам кишечника, изучается жизненный цикл норовирусов. Микробиота и ее члены могут быть либо протективными, либо стимулирующими для норовирусной инфекции. Lactobacillus могут играть защитную роль против норовирусной инфекции. Доказано существование хронической норовирусной инфекции длительностью от нескольких месяцев до нескольких лет, особенно у пациентов с иммунодефицитом. Тяжелая форма норовирусной инфекции и летальные исходы чаще регистрируются у детей младшего возраста, пожилых, пациентов с коморбидностью и иммунокомпроментированных лиц. Клиническая картина норовирусного гастроэнтерита во многом сходна с другими вирусными гастроэнтеритами, что определяет необходимость лабораторной верификации диагноза. Метод полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией получил наибольшее распространение в мире для диагностики инфекции у пациентов и для обнаружения вируса в пищевых продуктах и объектах окружающей среды. До сих пор нет одобренных вакцин и антивирусных препаратов против этой инфекции. Рекомендуемые терапевтические вмешательства, наряду с регидратацией гипоосмолярными растворами, включают назначение специфических пробиотиков, таких как Lactobacillus GG или Saccharomyces boulardii, диосмектит и рацекадотрил.

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Increased Detection of Emergent Recombinant Norovirus GII.P16-GII.2 Strains in Young Adults, Hong Kong, China, 2016–2017

Cited by 40 publications

References 16 publications

Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Yaoundé, Cameroon

An outbreak of gastroenteritis by emerging norovirus GII.2[P16] in a kindergarten in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysian Borneo

Norovirus Infection (Systematic Review)

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