“…Compared with the traditional materials, nanomaterials have stimulated intense research over past decades due to their potential advantages for electrochemical bioassay, including the excellent biocompatibility, facile synthesis, flexible control over the size, high surface area, good conductivity, and easy modification for biomolecule (Rosi and Mirkin, 2005;Hao et al, 2010;Cosnier et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2008;Jeong et al, 2013;Li et al, 2011;Elyasi et al, 2013;Moradi et al, 2013). Various nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, graphene oxide, and magnetic nanoparticles, have been used for redox-active species loading (Cui et al, 2008;Kong et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2013;Feng et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2014).…”