Increased expression of ATG genes during nonfeeding periods in the tick<i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i>

Umemiya‐Shirafuji, Rika; Matsuo, Tomohide; Liao, Min; Boldbaatar, Damdinsuren; Battur, Banzragch; Suzuki, Hiroshi; Fujisaki, Kozo

doi:10.4161/auto.6.4.11668

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These 84 genes may be categorized into autophagic machinery components and autophagy regulators. Autophagy was initially identified as a cellular survival response to starvation; however, an increasing body of evidence has indicated that this process may also be induced by various stress conditions, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy (29,30). However, whether autophagy is a cell death mechanism or a survival mechanism remains to be elucidated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atorvastatin induces autophagic cell death in prostate cancer cells in vitro

Yuan

Peng

et al. 2015

Molecular Medicine Reports

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Abstract. Athough it is well known that apoptosis contributes to cancer cell death, the role of autophagy in cancer cell death has remained in dispute. Atorvastatin has been suggested to exhibit anti-cancer effects. The present study aimed to examine atorvastatin-induced autophagy-associated cell death and the autophagy-associated gene expression profile in the PC3 prostate carcinoma cell line. The atorvastatin-induced process of autophagy in PC3 cells was determined via evaluation of the cellular expression levels of autophagosomal marker light-chain-3 (LC3)-II, using immunoblotting and counting of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3-transfected autophagic cells. Apoptosis was examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and an MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Total RNA of PC3 cells was isolated for characterization of the gene expression profile following atorvastatin treatment. Atorvastatin treatment of PC3 cells for 24 h increased the expression of green fluorescent protein-LC3-II by >25%, and expression continued for >72 h, while apoptosis was not significantly induced within this time period. Four genes associated with the autophagy machinery were also significantly upregulated. In the presence of atorvastatin, autophagy may be unable to abrogate cell damage and may therefore contribute to cellular dysfunction, leading to autophagic/type II programmed cell death. In response to atorvastatin treatment, the expression of genes involved in autophagic mediating pathways may have a role in tumor suppression. IntroductionProstate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of death due to cancer amongst males worldwide (1). Treatment options for localized disease include watchful waiting, surgery and radiotherapy (2). However, in terms of a definitive treatment, despite developments in systemic chemotherapy strategies, minimal improvements in the quality of life and overall survival have been achieved amongst patients with prostate cancer (3). The development of novel treatment strategies for patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancers remains a challenge.The PC3 human prostate cancer cell line [p53-and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-] was established from a prostatic adenocarcinoma, which was metastatic to bone. It has been extensively used as a cell model for the study of prostate cancer and is generally assumed to model an advanced stage of prostate cancer (4). PC3 cells are resistant to numerous chemotherapy drugs and apoptosis inducers (5,6).At o r va s t a t i n, a 3 -hyd r ox y-3 -m e t hylg lu t a r yl (HMG)-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is among the widely prescribed drugs used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular diseases (7). In addition to its cholesterol-lowering effect, atorvastatin has pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects on prostate cancer cells (8,9). Parikh et al (10) hypothesized that atorvastatin may induce autophagy-associated cell death in PC3 cells. However, the...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atorvastatin induces autophagic cell death in prostate cancer cells in vitro

Yuan

Peng

et al. 2015

Molecular Medicine Reports

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“…Specifically, the first gene is predicted to be a GABARAP, whereas the second one is more similar to MAP1LC3, although both of them belong to the same ATG8 family. Following the nomenclature adopted by Umemiya-Shirafuji et al (2010) to name tick ATG genes, we designated these genes as RmATG8a and RmATG8b, respectively. We performed a phylogenetic analysis including all ATG sequences from ticks to date.…”

Section: Atg Homologues In Rhipicephalus Microplusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, autophagy in ticks is poorly understood and only few autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been characterized. The HlATG3, HlATG4, HlATG6, HlATG8 and HlATG12 genes were recently reported in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Umemiya et al 2007(Umemiya et al , 2008Umemiya-Shirafuji et al 2010;Kawano et al 2011;Umemiya-Shirafuji et al 2014). Nevertheless, in a study conducted to search for tick homologues of yeast or mammalian ATG genes in eight tick databases, no ATG homologues were found except for H. longicornis and Ixodes scapularis (Malagoli et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel autophagy-related genes belonging to the ATG8 family from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

et al. 2014

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Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an obligate haematophagous arthropod and the major problem for cattle industry due to economic losses it causes. The parasite shows a remarkable adaptability to changing environmental conditions as well as an exceptional ability to survive long-term starvation. This ability has been related to a process of intracellular protein degradation called autophagy. This process in ticks is still poorly understood and only few autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been characterized. The aim of the present study was to examine the ESTs database, BmiGI, of R. microplus searching for ATG homologues. We predicted five putative ATG genes, ATG3, ATG4, ATG6 and two ATG8s. Further characterization led to the identification of RmATG8a and RmATG8b, homologues of GABARAP and MAP1LC3, respectively, and both of them belonging to the ATG8 family. PCR analyses showed that the expression level of RmATG8a and RmATG8b was higher in egg and larval stages when compared to ovary and midgut from adult ticks. This up-regulation coincides with the period in which ticks are in a starvation state, suggesting that autophagy is active in R. microplus.

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“…Total RNA was extracted from eggs and whole bodies of ticks at larval, nymphal, and adult stages using the TRI Ò reagent (Sigma, MO, USA) as described previously (Umemiya-Shirafuji et al, 2010). Dissected fat body, midgut, ovary, and salivary glands of unfed or fed female adults were also subjected to RNA extraction.…”

Section: Total Rna Extraction and Semi-quantitative Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of genomic DNA was also confirmed by PCR using each RNA template without reverse transcription. Real-time RT-PCR was performed with a 7300 Real-Time PCR System and Power SYBRÒ Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) as described previously (Umemiya-Shirafuji et al, 2010). Primer sets for HlAkt, longepsin, HlMIF, and vitellogenins (HlVg-1, HlVg-2, and HlVg-3) are shown in Table S2.…”

Section: Mrna Expression Profiles Of Blood Meal-induced Genes In Dsrnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Akt is an essential player in regulating cell/organ growth at the adult stage in the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis

Umemiya‐Shirafuji

Tanaka

Boldbaatar

et al. 2012

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Increased expression of ATG genes during nonfeeding periods in the tickHaemaphysalis longicornis

Cited by 34 publications

References 32 publications

Atorvastatin induces autophagic cell death in prostate cancer cells in vitro

Atorvastatin induces autophagic cell death in prostate cancer cells in vitro

Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel autophagy-related genes belonging to the ATG8 family from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Akt is an essential player in regulating cell/organ growth at the adult stage in the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis

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