Non-viral vectors have advantages in terms of their simplicity of use and ability to be produced on a large scale if necessary. Among various types of non-viral vectors, cationic liposome-mediated gene transfection is one of the most promising approaches due to the high transfection efficiency. [1][2][3][4] Gene delivery to hepatocytes is of great therapeutic potential, since the cells are responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of proteins that play important biological roles both inside and outside the liver. To achieve targeted gene delivery to hepatocytes, galactose has been shown to be a promising targeting ligand because these cells possess a large number of asialoglycoprotein receptors that recognize the galactose units on the synthetic galactosylated carriers.
5-7)Recently, we have developed galactosylated cationic liposomes containing cholesten-5-yloxy-N-(4-((1-imino-2-Dthiogalactosylethyl)amino)butyl)formamide (Gal-C4-Chol) for hepatocyte-selective gene transfection via asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis after intraportal administration into mice. [8][9][10] In this approach, plasmid DNA is mixed with preformed galactosylated cationic liposomes to form galactosylated lipoplex, based on electrostatic interaction, which can then interact with hepatocytes and be taken up by them. Since Gal-C4-Chol possesses an imino group for binding to plasmid DNA via electrostatic interaction, many galactose units can be introduced on the liposomal surface without loss of binding affinity to plasmid DNA. These promising properties of our galactosylated lipoplex enable hepatocyte-selective gene transfer to be achieved under in vivo conditions. The overall ratio of the positive charge on a cationic lipid to the negative charge on a plasmid DNA seems to be a critical determinant of this phenomenon. It is generally accepted that the physicochemical characteristics of the galactosylated lipoplex prepared at different mixing ratios are so different that their cellular uptake, subsequent intracellular trafficking and resultant transfection efficiency would be significantly affected. However, there is little published information on the relationship between these physicochemical and biological factors in the lipoplex and/or galactosylated lipoplex.Previously, we have investigated the effect of the pDNA-N- [1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA)/dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) liposomes mixing (charge) ratio on the particle size, zeta potential and structure of the lipoplex, which directly affects cellular uptake, intracellular distribution of the complex, and the subsequent gene expression efficiency. And we have demonstrated that the mixing (charge) ratio of plasmid DNA complexed with DOTMA/DOPE liposomes significantly affects the intracellular trafficking, which is an important determinant of the optimal charge ratio in cationic liposome-mediated transfection.11) The in vivo gene transfection efficacy by lipoplex was markedly affected by the type of neutral lipid. Prev...