Increased Hospital and Emergency Department Utilization by Individuals with Recent Criminal Justice Involvement: Results of a National Survey

Frank, Janet C.; Linder, Jeffrey A.; Becker, William C.; Fiellin, David A.; Wang, Emily A.

doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2877-y

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A recent seminal study found high utilization of ED and hospitalization from a national survey of individuals with recent criminal justice involvement, but did not examine PLWHA. 67 During the immediate and destabilizing post-release period, the same vulnerabilities and behaviors (high rates of SUDs, comorbid psychiatric conditions) that lead to ED visits may also correlate with recidivism. 9,35 Re-incarceration among PLHWA leaving the CJS is well-documented: among PLHWA released from prisons in Texas, annualized recidivism was 20.5 %.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Use among HIV-Infected Released Jail Detainees

Boyd

Song²,

Meyer

et al. 2014

J Urban Health

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Release from short-term jail detention is highly destabilizing, associated with relapse to substance use, recidivism, and disrupted health care continuity. Little is known about emergency department (ED) use, potentially a surrogate for medical, psychiatric, or social instability, by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) leaving jails. All ED visits were reviewed from medical records for a cohort of 109 PLHWA in the year following release from county jail in Connecticut, between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010. Primary outcomes were frequency and timing of ED visits, modeled using multivariate negative binomial regression and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Demographic, substance use, and psychiatric disorder severity factors were evaluated as potential covariates. . Those in late or sustained HIV care used the ED sooner than those not retained in HIV primary care (median for late retention 16.3 days, median for sustained retention 24.9 days, median for no retention not reached at 12 months, p value 0.004). Using multivariate modeling, those who used the ED earliest upon release were more likely to be homeless ]), to be retained in HIV care ), and to have recently used drugs ), yet had a low lifetime drug severity (HR 0.01 [0.00-0.14]). Among PLWHA released from jail, frequency of ED use is high, often soon after release, and is associated with social and drug-related destabilizing factors. Future interventions for this specific population should focus on addressing these resource gaps, ensuring housing, and establishing immediate linkage to HIV primary care after release from jail.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Use among HIV-Infected Released Jail Detainees

Boyd

Song²,

Meyer

et al. 2014

J Urban Health

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“…Multistage area probability sampling methods are used to select a representative sample of the U.S. civilian, non-institutionalized population aged 12 years or older for participation. Although the NSDUH does not sample participants from correctional facilities, it has been shown to be a useful dataset to study a variety of criminological and criminal justice topics (see Booth et al, 2013; Frank et al, 2014; Salas-Wright et al, 2015; Vaughn et al, 2014, 2015). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and correlates of substance use disorders among probationers and parolees in the United States 2002–2014

Fearn

Vaughn

Nelson

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Substance use and crime/recidivism are irrevocably linked. We explore the nuances of this association by highlighting the prevalence, trends, and correlates of substance use dsorders in a large group of probationers/parolees. Methods We examined SUDs among probationers and parolees in the United States using data from the National Study on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Logistic regression models were computed to examine eight distinct outcomes: alcohol abuse, illicit drug abuse, marijuana/hashish abuse, comorbid alcohol and illicit drug abuse, alcohol dependence, illicit drug dependence, marijuana/hashish dependence, and comorbid alcohol and illicit drug dependence. Results Probationers/parolees have high prevalence rates across all SUDs categories and these trends have been relatively constant. Prevalence rates for alcohol abuse and dependence are two to six times higher than for marijuana and other illicit drug abuse and dependence. Key correlates of substance abuse for probationers/parolees include: age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, risk propensity, crime/violence measures, and comorbid substance abuse. Similar correlates were found for substance dependence, in addition to employment and mental health treatment. Conclusions This study indicates that SUDs are higher among probationer/parolees as compared to their non-supervised counterparts – between four and nine times higher – and these levels have changed little in recent years. Effectively responding to SUDs in this population may enhance adherence to supervision requirements, prevent recidivism, and improve public safety. We may be better served using limited funds for further development of evidence-based policies and programs, such as drug courts, which demonstrate reductions in both drug use and recidivism.

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“…2,3 Although most studies of justiceinvolved individuals do not include all of these subgroups, existing evidence suggests that approximately 70 % of justiceinvolved individuals have a substance use disorder (SUD) or mental health issue. [4][5][6][7] Yet, treatment among individuals with recent justice involvement has historically been inadequate due to lack of health insurance coverage [8][9][10] and other barriers to care, including troubles navigating the healthcare system post release, 11 disruption of medication during incarceration, 12 and lack of behavioral health services. 13 Roughly half of justice-involved individuals are expected to be eligible for health insurance through the Affordable Care Act (ACA), 10,14 and many believe insurance expansion offers an opportunity to improve access to substance abuse and mental health treatment for this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%