Increased jump height and reduced EMG activity with an external focus

Wulf, Gabriele; Dufek, Janet S.; Lozano, Leonardo; Pettigrew, Christina

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2009.11.008

Cited by 205 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The athletes benefited from external attention focus (regardless of attention focus distance) and the lack of attention focus instructions did not weaken performance of athletes; this is consistent with findings of many studies [12,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The restricted action hypothesis (Wulf et al) attributes the supremacy of external focus of attention to diverting attention from motion and shifting it toward motion effects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Optimal distance of an external focus of attention in standing long jump performance of athletes

Lotfi

2018

Phys. educ. stud.

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Authors' Contribution: A -Study design; B -Data collection; C -Statistical analysis; D -Manuscript Preparation; E -Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose:Recently, studies have shown that an external focus of attention improves the performance of individuals. Some studies have also confirmed the superiority of distances away from body for external focus of attention. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal distance of an external focus of attention when performing athletes' standing long jump. Material:51 volunteer students (M age= 23.31 ± 5.26 years) were selected as sample. At first all they performed a standing long jump in control status (without instruction for focus of attention). Then in an interpersonal counterbalanced design, a pair of jumps was performed with four different distances of an external focus of attention. These distances included 0.5, 2.5, 4 and 8 meters from the jump start line marked with colored tapes on the ground. Results:The results showed that having an external focus of attention compare to the control conditions has a significant advantage in the performance of the athlete's standing long jump. Also, the performance of athletes at different distances of an external focus of attention was compared. Results showed that the four-meter distance was significantly better performance than the half-meter distance of an external focus of attention. Conclusions:Four-meter distance can be introduced as the optimal distance of an external focus of attention in the performance of athletes' standing long jump.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Some tasks were jump height [12], dart throwing [13], goal directed ball throwing [14], hitting the golf ball [15], tennis [16] and throwing accuracy [17]. Depending on type of motor tasks and skill level of performers, the effects of factors will be different.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal distance of an external focus of attention in standing long jump performance of athletes

Lotfi

2018

Phys. educ. stud.

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“…As a second main outcome, electromyography (EMG) activity was analysed for each condition. Previous studies have shown that -despite enhanced motor performance when using an EFmuscular activity was lower with EF than with IF (Marchant, Greig, & Scott, 2009;Vance, Wulf, Tollner, McNevin, & Mercer, 2004;Wulf et al, 2010). It was therefore hypothesised that a higher level of muscular activity would be found in the IF condition compared to the EF condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Generally, an EF means that participants direct their attention on the effects of their movement on the environment, whereas an IF means that participants should focus their attention on body parts that are primarily involved in the movement. With respect to jumping movements, enhanced jump performance for maximum countermovement jumps (CMJs) (Wulf & Dufek, 2009;Wulf, Dufek, Lozano, & Pettigrew, 2010) as well as standing long jumps (Porter, Anton, Wikoff, & Ostrowski, 2013;Porter, Anton, & Wu, 2012;Porter, Ostrowski, Nolan, & Wu, 2010;Wu, Porter, & Brown, 2012) was reported when participants used an EF. Interestingly, it was also shown that despite the enhanced jump performance, muscular activity is generally reduced in CMJs when using an EF compared to an IF (Wulf et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced jump performance when providing augmented feedback compared to an external or internal focus of attention

Keller

Lauber

Gottschalk

et al. 2014

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Factors such as an external focus of attention (EF) and augmented feedback (AF) have been shown to improve performance. However, the efficacy of providing AF to enhance motor performance has never been compared with the effects of an EF or an internal focus of attention (IF). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify which of the three conditions (AF, EF or IF) leads to the highest performance in a countermovement jump (CMJ). Nineteen volunteers performed 12 series of 8 maximum CMJs. Changes in jump height between conditions and within the series were analysed. Jump heights differed between conditions (P < 0.001), resulting in best performance with AF (32.04 ± 7.11 cm), followed by EF (31.21 ± 6.67 cm) and IF (30.77 ± 6.87 cm). Significantly different (P < 0.001) within-series effects of higher jump heights at the end of the series in AF (+1.60%) and lower jump heights at the end of the series in EF (−1.79%) and IF (−1.68%) were observed. Muscle activity did not differ between conditions. The differences between conditions and within the series provide evidence that AF leads to higher performance and better progression within one series than EF and IF. Consequently, AF seems to outperform EF and IF when maximising jump height.

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“…Constrained action hypothesis claims that the reason for superiority of external focus of attention is facilitation of automatic control of motion. This superiority has been proven in various motor activities such as basketball (27), balance tasks (19), tennis (13), jumping (23), dart throwing (4), and aiming (18). However, some studies showed opposite and paradoxical results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative phase stability: The interaction of attentional instruction and frequency on relative phase of bimanual coordination movements

Zareian¹

2016

Turk J Sport Exe

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The present paper aimed to study the effect of using attentional instruction and increasing the rhythm on the relative phase stability of coordinated out-phase bimanual coordination movements. Using a plotter device, the participants (N=16) performed out-phase bimanual coordination pattern (45, 90, and 135 degree) while focusing on signs of the device (external attention) or their forearm (internal attention) or without attentional instruction with increasing frequency. KP was provided to participants after each attempt. Dependent variables were analyzed by 3 (attention) × 3 (relative phase) × 4 (frequency) analysis of variance with repeated measures on second and third variables. The results revealed that external attention lead to increased stability of relative phase in all three phase patterns. Additionally, increased frequency of motions caused decreased stability of relative in all three patterns. Findings of this study corroborated the constrained action hypothesis and showed that, unlike in-phase and anti-phase attractor patterns and because of the difficulty out-phase patterns, external attention instruction can act contrary to linear changes of control parameter and increase their stability of relative phases.

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Increased jump height and reduced EMG activity with an external focus

Cited by 205 publications

References 35 publications

Optimal distance of an external focus of attention in standing long jump performance of athletes

Optimal distance of an external focus of attention in standing long jump performance of athletes

Enhanced jump performance when providing augmented feedback compared to an external or internal focus of attention

Relative phase stability: The interaction of attentional instruction and frequency on relative phase of bimanual coordination movements

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