2006
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0980
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Increased Levels of Diadenosine Polyphosphates in Dry Eye

Abstract: The increased levels of Ap4A and Ap5A in tears of patients with dry eye allow these dinucleotides to be used as objective biomarkers in dry eye conditions.

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Cited by 40 publications
(40 citation statements)
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“…Therefore, it seems quite obvious that the effect of the P2Y 2 antagonists or siRNA silencing of this receptor blocks the dinucleotide-induced tear secretion and allows seeing the contribution that the cholinergic agent produces on its own. Since the P2Y 2 receptor is activated by the constant release produced by blinking [24], the tone of Ap 4 A may contribute to an increased intracellular level of DAG and IP3 that may imply that with a small amount of acetylcholine, or in our case carbachol, it may produce a more robust tear production than when the blockade of the P2Y 2 receptor is done. The increased levels of DAG stimulate protein kinase C (PKC), this being the final responsible of the secretory process in the lacrimal gland.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Therefore, it seems quite obvious that the effect of the P2Y 2 antagonists or siRNA silencing of this receptor blocks the dinucleotide-induced tear secretion and allows seeing the contribution that the cholinergic agent produces on its own. Since the P2Y 2 receptor is activated by the constant release produced by blinking [24], the tone of Ap 4 A may contribute to an increased intracellular level of DAG and IP3 that may imply that with a small amount of acetylcholine, or in our case carbachol, it may produce a more robust tear production than when the blockade of the P2Y 2 receptor is done. The increased levels of DAG stimulate protein kinase C (PKC), this being the final responsible of the secretory process in the lacrimal gland.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The importance of Ap 4 A is based not only in its ability to induce tear secretion, but its concentrations can vary in patients with dry eye, being therefore a biological marker of dry eye [24].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most important is the dry eye (Table 1). 24,25 The association between the increase of Ap 4 A in tears and dry eye pathology has been proposed as a potential molecular biomarker for this disease. In a symptomatic dry eye patient without Sjögren's syndrome but with normal tear production, Ap 4 A and Ap 5 A concentrations were 5-and 1.5-fold higher than healthy subjects, respectively.…”
Section: Presence Of Ap 4 a In Tearsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Este incremento es todavía mayor cuando hablamos de individuos con ojo seco en los que su producción lagrimal es baja. En estos casos los niveles del Ap 4 A están incrementados más de 100 veces (8).…”
Section: Editorialunclassified
“…El Ap 4 A se libera a la lágrima desde la superficie ocular, cornea y conjuntiva, como consecuencia del masaje que el parpado realiza sobre el ojo. En contra de lo que sería más esperable, que el Ap 4 A se liberara con la lágrima desde la glándula lagrimal principal, o de las terminales nerviosas que inervan la cornea (como sucede en el sistema nervioso central), todos los estudios indican que la liberación no depende de ninguno de estos dos aspectos sino que depende directamente del grado de disconfort del paciente, que al sentir sensación de incomodidad parpadea con más frecuencia de manera involuntaria (9), liberando más cantidades de esta molécula (8).…”
Section: Editorialunclassified