Increased liver fat and glycogen stores after consumption of high versus low glycaemic index food: A randomized crossover study

Bawden, Stephen; Stephenson, Mary C.; Falcone, Yirga; Lingaya, Melanie; Ciampi, Elisabetta; Hunter, Karl J.; Bligh, H. F. J.; Schirra, Jörg; Taylor, Moira A.; Morris, Peter G.; Macdonald, I. A.; Gowland, Penny; Marciani, Luca; Aithal, Guruprasad P.

doi:10.1111/dom.12784

Cited by 45 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Our results extend existing evidence [47,48] suggesting that a higher-GI diet and an increased intake of higher-GI-CHO are both of longer-term relevance for hepatic steatosis and that these associations are specific to evening intakes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Two studies, although heterogeneous in their methods (intervention vs observational study, extreme (dietary GI 32 vs. 84) vs. habitual low/high-GI diets and determination of liver steatosis severity by 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liver ultrasonography scanning, respectively), suggest that the dietary GI may be related to liver function [47,48]. However, it should be noted that imaging methods as used in these studies are time- and cost-intensive and therefore often infeasible in observational studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbohydrates from Sources with a Higher Glycemic Index during Adolescence: Is Evening Rather than Morning Intake Relevant for Risk Markers of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood?

Diederichs¹,

Herder

Roßbach³

et al. 2017

Nutrients

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Background: This study investigated whether glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) of morning or evening intake and morning or evening carbohydrate intake from low- or higher-GI food sources (low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) during adolescence are relevant for risk markers of type 2 diabetes in young adulthood. Methods: Analyses included DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study participants who had provided at least two 3-day weighed dietary records (median: 7 records) during adolescence and one blood sample in young adulthood. Using multivariable linear regression analyses, estimated morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO (GI < 55) and higher-GI-CHO (GI ≥ 55) were related to insulin sensitivity (N = 252), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), fatty liver index (FLI) (both N = 253), and a pro-inflammatory-score (N = 249). Results: Morning intakes during adolescence were not associated with any of the adult risk markers. A higher evening GI during adolescence was related to an increased HSI in young adulthood (p = 0.003). A higher consumption of higher-GI-CHO in the evening was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (p = 0.046) and an increased HSI (p = 0.006), while a higher evening intake of low-GI-CHO was related to a lower HSI (p = 0.009). Evening intakes were not related to FLI or the pro-inflammatory-score (all p > 0.1). Conclusion: Avoidance of large amounts of carbohydrates from higher-GI sources in the evening should be considered in preventive strategies to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrates from Sources with a Higher Glycemic Index during Adolescence: Is Evening Rather than Morning Intake Relevant for Risk Markers of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood?

Diederichs¹,

Herder

Roßbach³

et al. 2017

Nutrients

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“…In recent times, it has gained a wider application, and assessing the glycaemic index and glycaemic load of diets has been included in a number of prospective cohort studies which are summarised in the SACN report [1]. This has led to several randomised controlled trials of potential benefits of lower glycaemic index diets, including a recent study of our own (Bawden et al [25]) which showed that healthy non-obese young men consuming a high glycaemic index diet for 7 days showed an increase in liver fat content, whereas 7 days on a low glycaemic index diet was accompanied by a small decrease in liver fat. In this study, the dietary GI was estimated on the basis of the GI tables provided by Brand-Miller’s group [26].…”

Section: Should We Be More Concerned About Dietary Glycaemic Charactementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of recent evidence relating to sugars, insulin resistance and diabetes

Macdonald

2016

Eur J Nutr

131

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The potential impact on health of diets rich in free sugars, and particularly fructose, is of major concern. The focus of this review is the impact of these sugars on insulin resistance and obesity, and the associated risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Much of the concern is focussed on specific metabolic effects of fructose, which are argued to lead to increased fat deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle with subsequent insulin resistance and increased risk of diabetes. However, much of the evidence underpinning these arguments is based on animal studies involving very large intakes of the free sugars. Recent human studies, in the past 5 years, provide a rather different picture, with a clear dose response link between fructose intake and metabolic changes. In particular, the most marked effects are observed when a high sugars intake is accompanied by an excess energy intake. This does not mean that a high intake of free sugars does not have any detrimental impact on health, but rather that such an effect seems more likely to be a result of the high sugars intake increasing the chances of an excessive energy intake rather than it leading to a direct detrimental effect on metabolism.

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“…Variations in response to high versus low glycaemic index breakfasts have also been observed (Fig. 2b) [59]. In a recent 1-week dietary intervention crossover study, fasted glycogen stores in the liver were significantly elevated after a high glycaemic index diet when compared with low glycaemic index diet.…”

Section: Mrs Measurements Of Liver Glycogenmentioning

confidence: 57%

Current and Future Magnetic Resonance Technologies for Assessing Liver Disease in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Bawden

Scott²,

Aithal³

2017

Dig Dis

Self Cite

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Background: In the past decades, a number of non-invasive methods have emerged for detecting and estimating liver fibrosis; these include both serum-based panels and imaging-based technology. Some of these methods are now being incorporated in clinical practice. However, the limitations of the current techniques include lack of organ specificity, sampling errors and limited ability to reflect the efficacy of interventions. Key Messages: Novel magnetic resonance (MR)-based techniques provide an opportunity to bring about further changes in the investigations and management of patients with liver diseases. Multimodal quantitative MR techniques enable the estimation of fat, iron accumulation, degree of liver injury/inflammation and fibrosis within the whole liver without the need for administering contrast agents. Architectural changes within the liver can be evaluated concurrently with portal haemodynamic changes allowing non-invasive assessment of portal hypertension and effects of interventions. A combination ultra-high field (7T) provides greater sensitivity with a potential to distinguish inflammation from fibrosis on imaging and determine specific types of fats (saturated vs. unsaturated) present within the liver using MR spectroscopy. ¹³C MR spectroscopy can estimate glutathione flux and rate of beta oxidation in-vivo providing novel tools for experimental studies that evaluate the efficacy of interventions as well as underlying mechanisms. Conclusions: Translational research should focus on converting the potentials of these innovative methodologies into clinical applications for the benefit of patients.

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Increased liver fat and glycogen stores after consumption of high versus low glycaemic index food: A randomized crossover study

Abstract: Compared with an LGI diet, a 1-week HGI diet increased hepatic fat and glycogen stores. This may have important clinical relevance for dietary interventions in the prevention and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Cited by 45 publications

References 35 publications

Carbohydrates from Sources with a Higher Glycemic Index during Adolescence: Is Evening Rather than Morning Intake Relevant for Risk Markers of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood?

Carbohydrates from Sources with a Higher Glycemic Index during Adolescence: Is Evening Rather than Morning Intake Relevant for Risk Markers of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood?

A review of recent evidence relating to sugars, insulin resistance and diabetes

Current and Future Magnetic Resonance Technologies for Assessing Liver Disease in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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