Increased physical performance by using a nutritional supplement: Fact or fantasy?

Exercise: A Protective Measure or an “Open Window” for COVID-19? A Mini Review

“…The different results across these studies may be due to the variability in the immune system responses to an acute exercise session. Although a number of studies have observed an immunosuppressive response after prolonged and intense exercise bouts (Steensberg et al, 2001;Kakanis et al, 2010), no changes in immune function have also been observed (Flynn et al, 1999). Another study did not report alterations in T helper-2 lymphocytes after 2.5 h of endurance exercise performed at 75% of maximal oxygen consumption in trained runners (Steensberg et al, 2001), suggesting that there was no immunosuppression post-exercise (Smith, 2003).…”

“…The paradigm that a single exercise session may acutely increase the risks of viral or bacterial infections has commonly been referred to as the "open window" theory and represents a condition of immunosuppression (i.e., lymphocytes reduction and suppressed function of natural killer cells) occurring after prolonged high-intensity exercise (Pedersen and Bruunsgaard, 1995;Kakanis et al, 2010). Additionally, exercise-induced muscle damage may activate immune cells because of the unaccustomed or high-intensity exercise sessions needed to promote skeletal muscle regeneration (Clarkson and Dedrick, 1988;Paulsen et al, 2012;Ferreira-Junior et al, 2014;Peake et al, 2017).…”

“…Several studies have investigated the effects of a single exercise session on immune function by measuring acute changes in various parameters (Flynn et al, 1999;Fahlman et al, 2000;Steensberg et al, 2001;Kakanis et al, 2010). However, few studies have utilized resistance exercise protocols (Nieman et al, 1995;Flynn et al, 1999) or home-based exercises, those likely to be performed during the current pandemic which most likely consist of adapted forms of resistance exercise.…”

“…Additionally, several studies have suggested that exercise training may impact the immune system by increasing leukocytes, and reducing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Nieman et al, 1989(Nieman et al, , 1993Matthews et al, 2002;Chaouachi et al, 2008). On the other hand, endurance or resistance exercise sessions may acutely cause a condition of immunosuppression by reducing both lymphocytes and natural killer cells (Nieman et al, 1995;Pedersen and Bruunsgaard, 1995;Kakanis et al, 2010).…”

Corrigendum: Exercise: A Protective Measure or an “Open Window” for COVID-19? A Mini Review

“…Paragraph two Several studies have investigated the effects of a single exercise session on immune function by measuring acute changes in various parameters (Flynn et al, 1999;Fahlman et al, 2000;Steensberg et al, 2001;Kakanis et al, 2010). However, few studies have utilized resistance exercise protocols (Nieman et al, 1995;Flynn et al, 1999) or home-based exercises, those likely to be performed during the current pandemic which most likely consist of adapted forms of resistance exercise.…”