Increased production of nitric oxide in head kidney leukocytes of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) fed a diet supplemented with cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Libertad, Alzamora-Gonzales; Colona-Vallejos, Erasmo; Miguel, Aguilar-Luis; Carlos, Calderón-Bardales; Elena, Quillama-Polo; Carolina, De Amat-Herbozo; Ronald, A. P.; Claudia, J. A.

doi:10.3389/conf.fimmu.2015.05.00242

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“…Identifying how their immune cells develop and function is necessary to fully understand the fish immune system. HKLs have been used in many in vitro immunology studies involving several fish species [ (27)(28)(29)(30)(31), among many others], but remain to be fully characterized. Our previous work observed a change in morphology, phagocytic ability, and miRNA profile of HKLs cultured for 5 days, from predominantly monocyte-like at Day 1 of culture to predominantly macrophage-like at Day 5 of culture (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Adherent Head Kidney Leukocytes Reveals That Macrophages Are Selectively Enriched During Culture

et al. 2021

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The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an economically important fish, both in aquaculture and in the wild. In vertebrates, macrophages are some of the first cell types to respond to pathogen infection and disease. While macrophage biology has been characterized in mammals, less is known in fish. Our previous work identified changes in the morphology, phagocytic ability, and miRNA profile of Atlantic salmon adherent head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) from predominantly “monocyte-like” at Day 1 of in vitro culture to predominantly “macrophage-like” at Day 5 of culture. Therefore, to further characterize these two cell populations, we examined the mRNA transcriptome profile in Day 1 and Day 5 HKLs using a 44K oligonucleotide microarray. Large changes in the transcriptome were revealed, including changes in the expression of macrophage and immune-related transcripts (e.g. csf1r, arg1, tnfa, mx2), lipid-related transcripts (e.g. fasn, dhcr7, fabp6), and transcription factors involved in macrophage differentiation and function (e.g. klf2, klf9, irf7, irf8, stat1). The in silico target prediction analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using miRNAs known to change expression in Day 5 HKLs, followed by gene pathway enrichment analysis, supported that these miRNAs may be involved in macrophage maturation by targeting specific DEGs. Elucidating how immune cells, such as macrophages, develop and function is a key step in understanding the Atlantic salmon immune system. Overall, the results indicate that, without the addition of exogenous factors, the adherent HKL cell population differentiates in vitro to become macrophage-like.

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