Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an endogenously produced gaseous molecule with important roles in cellular signaling. In mammals, exogenous H 2 S improves survival of ischemia/reperfusion. We have previously shown that exposure to H 2 S increases the lifespan and thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans, and improves protein homeostasis in low oxygen. The mitochondrial SQRD-1 (sulfide quinone oxidoreductase) protein is a highly conserved enzyme involved in H 2 S metabolism. SQRD-1 is generally considered important to detoxify H 2 S. Here, we show that SQRD-1 is also required to maintain protein translation in H 2 S. In sqrd-1 mutant animals, exposure to H 2 S leads to phosphorylation of eIF2␣ and inhibition of protein synthesis. In contrast, global protein translation is not altered in wild-type animals exposed to lethally high H 2 S or in hif-1(ia04) mutants that die when exposed to low H 2 S. We demonstrate that both gcn-2 and pek-1 kinases are involved in the H 2 S-induced phosphorylation of eIF2␣. Both ER and mitochondrial stress responses are activated in sqrd-1 mutant animals exposed to H 2 S, but not in wild-type animals. We speculate that SQRD-1 activity in H 2 S may coordinate proteostasis responses in multiple cellular compartments.
Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)3 is an endogenously produced gas molecule with roles in signaling, neuromodulation, and vasodilation (reviewed in Ref. [1][2][3][4]. Treatment with exogenous H 2 S improves outcome in multiple mammalian models of ischemia/ reperfusion injury (5). However, H 2 S is also toxic at high concentrations, provoking immediate apnea and loss of consciousness that can result in death (6). Industrial exposure to H 2 S is the second-leading cause of death by inhalation, behind only carbon monoxide. The mechanistic differences between beneficial and toxic effects of H 2 S are poorly understood.Sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQRD) is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that oxidizes cellular H 2 S by transferring electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain and adding sulfane sulfur atoms to free sulhydryl moieties (Fig. 1A) (7-9). Isolated mitochondria from chicken liver and human cells can generate ATP when exposed to H 2 S as a result of SQRD activity, which is considered an important aspect of cellular sulfide detoxification (10 -12). However, it is now clear that protein activity can be regulated by post-translational modification by sulfide, and this may be an important aspect of the cellular signaling roles of H 2 S (2, 4). SQRD is therefore positioned to modulate both signaling and toxicity of H 2 S in animals.The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a single orthologue of SQRD, sqrd-1. SQRD-1 localizes to mitochondria and is essential for animals to survive exposure to even low concentrations of H 2 S (13). Here, we show SQRD-1 activity is required to prevent activation of the integrated stress response upon exposure to H 2 S. We found that the translation initiation factor eIF2␣ is phosphorylated by both PEK-1 and GCN-2 kinases in sqrd-1 mu...