Increased Risk for Respiratory Complications in Male Extremely Preterm Infants: A Propensity Score Matching Study

Abstract

BackgroundMany factors can affect the clinical outcome of extremely premature infants (EPIs), but the effect of sex is paradoxical. This study used propensity score matching to adjust baseline information to reassess the clinical outcome of EPIs based on sex.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on EPIs admitted in the Department of Neonatology of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from 2011 to 2020. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to adjust the confounding factors including gestational age, birth weight, 1-minute Apgar score ≤ 3, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment(WWLST), mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, the mother with advanced age (≥35 years old), complete-course antenatal steroid therapy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The survival rate at discharge and the incidence of major complications were evaluated between the male and female groups.ResultsA total of 439 EPIs were included, and 240 (54.7%) infants were males. After matching the nine confounding factors, 148 pairs of infants were finally enrolled. There was no significant difference in the survival rate at discharge, as well as the mortality of activating treatment or WWLST between the two groups (all P>0.05). However, the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and moderate to severe BPD in the male group was significantly increased (all P<0.01), especially at birth weight between 750 and 999 grams.ConclusionsThe male EPIs have a higher risk of respiratory complications than females, particularly at 750 to 999 grams of birth weight.

Apnea of prematurity (draft of clinical guidelines)

“…На долю апноэ недоношенных приходится максимальная частота встречаемости апноэ как симптомокомплекса, что предполагает особую настороженность в отношении новорожденных групп риска, подверженных развитию данного заболевания с вероятностью 80%, которыми являются дети с очень низкой (ОНМТ), экстремально низкой массой тела (ЭНМТ), а также с ГВ <32 нед [14]. [4,[15][16][17][18][19]  ГВ <32 нед.  ЭНМТ, ОНМТ при рождении.…”

A prediction nomogram for moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants < 32 weeks of gestation: A multicenter retrospective study

“…Although management strategies for very premature infants have greatly progressed, studies have shown that BPD affects 10%-89% of very preterm infants (2,3). Many studies have shown that perinatal factors were risk factors for developing msBPD (4)(5)(6). As the immature lung of very preterm infants is the most vulnerable period during the first week of life.…”

Modulation of recovery from neonatal hyperoxic lung injury by sex as a biological variable

“…Even in the post-surfactant era, extremely premature male neonates (born between 24 and 26 weeks of gestation) display a significantly increased risk of developing BPD [ 8 ]. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), BPD, and moderate to severe BPD was significantly increased in preterm males after adjusting for multiple confounding factors [ 9 ]. Similarly, the need for respiratory support, respiratory medications and home oxygen use was higher in males [ 10 , 11 ].…”