Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer among testicular cancer survivors

Abstract

Introduction Testicular cancer survivors (TCS) have an increased risk of additional cancers, including prostate cancer. Our understanding of the natural history of prostate cancer in testicular cancer survivors is very limited due to its rare incidence. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry from 1978 to 2011, we identified 282 TCS with subsequent prostate cancer and examined the tumor grade and clinical outcomes in contrast to men with primary prostate cancer in the general population. Results TCS with a subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age than men with primary prostate cancer (65.2% vs. 37.6% for age ≤65, 34.8% vs. 62.4% for age >65, p<0.001) and were more likely to have grade III/IV tumors (46.2% vs. 37.0%, p<0.002). Longer latency between testicular and prostate cancer diagnoses was associated with a higher risk of grade III/IV (p<0.001) cancer. Despite the increased risk for high-grade tumors, 10-year prostate cancer-specific survival and overall survival were not significantly different between TCS and men with primary prostate cancer. Based on the available information in SEER, we found that prior history of radiotherapy for testicular cancer had no impact on tumor grade or survival outcomes. Conclusions Prostate cancer in TCS was more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age and with higher grades. Risks of grade III/IV disease increased with longer latency between testicular and prostate cancer diagnoses. Radiotherapy for testicular cancer did not appear to have a significant impact on the outcome of subsequent prostate cancer.

Revealing the Urinary Microbiota in Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review Unveiling Insights into Pathogenesis and Clinical Application

“…About half as large again as a walnut. The prostate gland performs an important function in producing seminal fluid, which nourishes and conveys sperm (1,6,7).…”

“…Diagnosis of prostate cancer usually involves a medical history, physical exam (including digital rectal examination), blood tests such as Proactive specific antigen or PSA level, and imaging studies like transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. A definitive diagnosis can be made only through a prostate biopsy; small samples of tissue are removed from the prostate gland and examined under microscope (1,9).…”

“…The term microbiota includes all the great hordes of microorganisms which live inside and on human beings. These exert many profound effects upon host physiology and immune responses (1,2).…”