Increased Risk of Severe Cardiovascular Events Following Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results of the EXACOS-CV Study in Japan

Abstract

Introduction Severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to increase the risk of cardiovascular events. However, this association has not been investigated specifically in patients with COPD in Japan, whose characteristics may differ from those of Western patients (i.e., western Europe, the US, and Canada). Methods This longitudinal retrospective cohort study analyzed secondary claims data and included patients aged ≥ 40 years with COPD (International Classification of Diseases-10 codes J41–J44). All exacerbations occurring during follow-up were measured. Time-dependent Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between time periods following an exacerbation of COPD (vs. time prior to a first exacerbation) and occurrence of a first hospitalization for a severe fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event. Results The analysis included 152,712 patients with COPD with a mean age of 73.8 years and 37.6% of whom were female. During a median follow-up of 37 months, 63,182 (41.4%) patients experienced ≥ 1 exacerbation and 13,314 (8.7%) patients experienced ≥ 1 severe cardiovascular event. Following an exacerbation of COPD, the risk of a severe cardiovascular event was increased in the first 30 days [adjusted HR (aHR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–1.55] and remained elevated for 365 days post-exacerbation (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.23). Specifically, the risks of acute coronary syndrome or arrhythmias remained significantly increased for up to 180 days, and the risk of decompensated heart failure for 1 year. Conclusion Among Japanese patients with COPD, the risk of experiencing a severe cardiovascular event increased following a COPD exacerbation and remained elevated for 365 days, emphasizing the need to prevent exacerbations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-024-02920-y.