Increased serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-Rs) in children and adolescents with vertically and horizontally transmitted HIV infection

Weiss, Michael D.; Martignoni, Marc E.; Petropoulou, Theoni; Sölder, B; Belohradsky, Bernd H.

doi:10.1007/bf01743365

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…sTNF-RII was slightly but not significantly increased in the sera of healthy children (Fig. 1 and 3), in agreement with other studies (39). Thus, although sTNF-RII is regulated by TNF-␣ (36), the present study seems to exclude a direct correlation between serum TNF-␣ and sTNF-RII in childhood.…”

Section: Fig 3 Regression Analysis and 95%supporting

confidence: 93%

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Age-Dependent Levels of Select Immunological Mediators in Sera of Healthy Children

Sack

Burkhardt²,

Borte

et al. 1998

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

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Serum cytokine levels were measured in 275 healthy children of different ages (3 to 17 years). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), soluble IL-2R (sIL-2R) (sCD25), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), soluble TNF receptor type II (sTNF-RII) (sCD120b), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) (sCD54), soluble E selectin (sE-selectin) (ELAM-1; sCD62E), sCD14, and neopterin were measured with commercial test kits. The mean levels of IL-1RA, sIL-2R, TNF-α, sICAM-1, sE-selectin, and sCD14 were higher than in healthy adults. In contrast, IFN-γ and IL-8 were hardly detectable in children and thereby significantly lower than in adults. In the case of TNF-α, sICAM-1, sE selectin, and sCD14, there was a high interindividual variability, apparently unrelated to disease. The profiles of some cytokines, i.e., IL-1RA, IL-6, and TNF-α, showed age-related increases that overlapped with known patterns of physical growth. Of note, sIL-2R and sE-selectin instead declined with time. Because of the remarkable age-dependent variability in healthy pediatric subjects, disease-related changes, as well as therapy-dependent alterations, should be considered with caution.

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Section: Fig 3 Regression Analysis and 95%supporting

confidence: 93%

“…In contrast to adults, physiologically high concentrations of sIL-R can be found in the sera of healthy children throughout childhood (Fig. 3) (8,23,39). At age 15, the levels of sIL-2R decline to those of normal adults ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Dependent Levels of Select Immunological Mediators in Sera of Healthy Children

Sack

Burkhardt²,

Borte

et al. 1998

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

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“…Plasma markers of immune activation also are independent predictors of disease progression in HIV-infected children [58,59] and adults [60][61][62][63][64]. Those with the strongest predictive value include sTNF-RII, b 2 -microglobulin, neopterin, sIL-2R, and sCD8.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication during Acute Measles

Moss

Ryon²,

Monze

et al. 2002

J INFECT DIS

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To determine the effect of measles virus coinfection on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels, a prospective study of hospitalized children with measles was conducted between January 1998 and October 2000 in Lusaka, Zambia. Plasma HIV RNA levels were measured during acute measles and 1 month after hospital discharge. The median plasma HIV RNA level in 33 children with measles who were followed longitudinally was 5339 copies/mL at study entry, 60,121 copies/mL at hospital discharge, and 387,148 copies/mL at 1-month follow-up. The median plasma HIV RNA level in children without acute illness was 228,454 copies/mL. Plasma levels of immune activation markers were elevated during the period of reduced plasma HIV RNA. Plasma levels of several potential HIV suppressive factors also were elevated during acute measles. HIV replication is transiently suppressed during acute measles at a time of intense immune activation.

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“…Soluble forms of CD4, CD8, and TNFRII are shed from the surfaces of activated lymphocytes, and levels of ␤ 2 microglobulin are increased as a consequence of immune activation (35,38,39,84). Plasma levels of sCD8, sTNFRII, and ␤ 2 microglobulin were elevated at entry and discharge compared to 6B and C to F), and levels of sTNFRII and ␤ 2 microglobulin remained elevated at follow-up.…”

Section: Lymphopeniamentioning

confidence: 95%

Functional and Phenotypic Changes in Circulating Lymphocytes from Hospitalized Zambian Children with Measles

Ryon

Moss

Monze

et al. 2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Measles is associated with immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to secondary infections and is a particular problem in developing countries. Lymphocyte changes accompanying immune activation and regulation of the immune response may contribute to immunosuppression. To evaluate lymphocyte changes during measles, children (n ‫؍‬ 274) hospitalized with measles in Lusaka, Zambia, were evaluated at entry, discharge, and 1-month follow-up and compared to healthy Zambian children (n ‫؍‬ 98). Lymphopenia was present on hospital admission and reflected decreased CD4 and CD8 T cells but resolved quickly. Lymphopenia was most marked in girls, in those with temperatures of >38.5°C, and in malnourished children. CD4/CD8 ratios were decreased at all time points and were lower in boys than in girls at discharge and follow-up. Spontaneous death occurred in cultured lymphocytes, and the proportions of freshly isolated cells undergoing apoptosis, based on annexin V and propidium iodide staining, were increased. Surface Fas was increased on both CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to controls, and expression was greater on CD4 T cells and was inversely correlated with lymphocyte viability in culture at study entry. Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes improved viability, but inhibitors of Fas, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and TNF did not. Plasma levels of ␤ 2 microglobulin and soluble Fas, Fas ligand, CD8, CD4, and TNF receptor were increased, and soluble CD8 was higher in boys than in girls. The multiple effects of measles on lymphocytes from Zambian children include decreased numbers in circulation, increased activation, and increased susceptibility to cell death, with substantive differences in the magnitude of these changes between boys and girls.Measles causes nearly 1 million deaths per year worldwide, with the heaviest burden occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (9). The high morbidity and mortality associated with measles virus (MV) infection is due primarily to secondary infections, particularly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (12,53,55). Increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases has been linked to the immune suppression associated with this infection. Cell-mediated immunity, manifested by decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to skin test antigens and decreased proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation in vitro, is suppressed, and this suppression may persist for several months after recovery (74,80,86,87).The mechanism of MV-induced immune suppression is incompletely understood, and few studies of children in developing countries, where mortality rates are highest, have been done. Lymphocyte activation is a consistent feature of acute measles (34, 38) in North and South American children, and we have proposed that the observed cytokine "shift" from type 1 cytokines early during infection to type 2 cytokines during and after recovery (35) inhibits development of effective type 1 cytokine-mediated cell-mediated immunity responses upon subsequent exp...

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Increased serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-Rs) in children and adolescents with vertically and horizontally transmitted HIV infection

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Age-Dependent Levels of Select Immunological Mediators in Sera of Healthy Children

Age-Dependent Levels of Select Immunological Mediators in Sera of Healthy Children

Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication during Acute Measles

Functional and Phenotypic Changes in Circulating Lymphocytes from Hospitalized Zambian Children with Measles

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